now as it was in 1837, viz., Catholics 40 per cent., Protestants 59 per cent. of the whole population; but the distribution has undergone important changes in the several cantons: thus, while the Protestants have undergone no increase in the Grisons, and a trifling one in Vaud and Neuchâtel, the Catholics, compared with what they were 14 years ago, are now 7 times more numerous in Zurich, 24 times in Bâle, 5 times in Schaffhausen, double in Vaud and Neuchâtel. In the Grisons they have increased from 32,455 to 38,039; in Geneva, from 22,000 to 29,764; while in this last canton the Protestant population has decreased from 36,666 to 34,212. Here the country is deserted by the old Protestant stock of the children of the land, disgusted with the present state of things; on the other hand, the gap is filled by the admission of numerous batches of Catholic foreigners to the rights of citizens. Judge Mallet has besides made it obvious, that without the large influx of Catholic foreigners the city of Calvin is doomed to contain, in a given number of years, a majority of Catholics, as, by earlier and more improvident marriages, the average result of each marriage is 4 children for the Catholics, and less than 3 for the Protestant population. By a similar process (the result of an isolated position), the city of Basel, another stronghold of Protestantism, is threatened with a change of population.

Jews are not yet allowed to reside in most of the Catholic cantons, and I even remember the time when their children could not be admitted into our public schools without much trouble.

Population of Towns.—In Basel, a city of great extent, it was only 15,040 in 1779, 14,778 in 1780, 16,674 in 1815, 21,219 in 1835, 22,199 in 1837, and was 27,313 in 1850. St. Gall had 8118 inhabitants in 1809; industry has made it 9430 in 1836, and 11,234 in 1850. Zurich, for the same reason, has advanced from 6439 in 1743, 8222 in 1792, and 6111 in 1810. to 8339 in 1836, 14,243 in 1837, and 17,040 in 1850. The population of Bern was only 11,191 in 1785, 16,378 in 1809, 22,422 in 1837, 25,158 in 1848, and 27,558 in 1850. La Chaux-de-Fonds, in the mountains of Neuchâtel, is another town raised by industry from 2643 inhabitants, in 1764, to 5703 in 1824, 6404 in 1830, 8481 in 1836, 11,713 in 1848, and 12,638 in 1850. That industry has spread to other parts of the same canton, such as the Vale of Travers, the Vale of Ruz, and especially the town of Le Locle. By the census of 1848 it was found there were 363 jewellers and 9067 watchmakers in the whole canton; and, in the following year, 195,795 watches were entered and assayed in the special offices. Although Lausanne is not a place of trade, its population has also risen from 8818 in 1798, to 14,126 in 1828, and 15,007 in 1836 (out-parishes included); it was 14,500 in 1850, besides 8136 in the out-parishes or banlieue. In Geneva the increase has been slower : in 1693, 16,111 inhabitants; in 1698, 16,934; in 1721, 20,781; in 1781, 24,810; in 1789, 26,140; in 1812 Napoleon rule had lowered it to 24, 158; in 1822, 24,886; again, in 1828, 26,121; in 1834, 27,177; in 1837, 28,003; in 1843, 29,189. Then came the revolution of 1846, which put a stop to the increase, the population having been found to be 29,108 in 1850 within the walls. But a political measure decreed the levelling of the fortifications, and the addition of about 2000 inhabitants of suburban population, besides two other suburbs left outside; total, 36,618. The Catholic population is now 8717 only within the walls, having increased more than two-fold in 7 years, while the Protestant Genevese population is reduced to 13,398.

Before I dismiss the subject I am compelled to point out to you, Sir, numerous discrepancies:-1st. The sums of the populations under the heads of Sexes and Family Condition agree well together, but they do not agree with the sums given under their Political and Religious Condition. The so-called official figures, given by the member of the federal Home department, do not agree with the so-called official returns which I had before collected from most of the can

tons,

tons, and from the Home department itself, through M. Franscini's kindness. The sums total at the bottom of columns would not agree with those given by M. Franscini, and I did not think it worth while to sum them up, some of the components being so uncertain. The foreign population was reduced by 1863 from a probable after-thought of the central boards the political refugees not being taken into account. Besides this there are two very distinct censuses of the population of the canton of Valais: 1st, the one I have entered here upon M. Franscini's authority; 2nd, another showing a population of 83,812 instead of 81,559 or 81,527 (for M. Franscini gives both these numbers).

Having thus made two distinct sums, first of all the highest numbers, second of all the lowest estimates of the population of the several cantons, I have found the first not more than 2353 larger than the second.

XXII.-Geographical List of Places with Two Names.

To Dr. Norton Shaw.

DEAR SIR,-I enclose the geographical list we spoke about; it contains such places only as are known in foreign languages by names differing from those we give to them in English, and was made solely with the object of enabling persons to find out what places those names stand for. It is no doubt true that a man who knows a foreign language will know the names of places in that language; but we often see such names as Siebenbürgen in English newspapers, and others still more mysterious appear on the title pages of books. My intention has been to set down only such as could not readily be guessed at, though I found it sometimes difficult to draw the line. I have not put in Londres, Napoli, nor Lisboa; but Wien, Anvers, and Livorno should be there. Most of the names on the list are totally unlike those we know them by-as Ofen for Buda, and Abertawe for Swansea. When the same place has names in two foreign tongues not much unlike each other, one alone is given if the alphabetical order would bring the two near together, such as Ardel and Ardeal (names for Transylvania); but Erdel, a third name, is inserted, because it comes into a different page.

You must not expect critique nor completeness; the words are copied as I found them, and I had neither leisure nor opportunity to increase the list. I had no Magyar nor Bohemian geographies, which would have furnished a large number of words, many of the towns in Hungary and Bohemia having two names; the Servian and Polish names do but partially fill up the deficiency. I should have been glad to insert all the modern Latin names of places where books are printed, and many Greek towns which have names unlike those we give to them-sometimes two. The Polish, Servian, and Lettish lists are, I believe, more complete; the last will, I fear, be found too minutely full. On the whole I have only furnished a nucleus, which I hope will gather bulk. What I have said will show where some deficiencies exist, and more will be found, together with some errors. I might have inserted a few American titles, such as Granite State, Crescent City, Empire State, but I do not know what they mean; and a few English places with two names, or new names, might be jotted down-as Plymouth Dock or Devonport, Market Jew or Marazion, and in Canada, York or Toronto.

I commit the list to you, to do with as you like. ber names that I have omitted; and I will ask you any you may think superfluous.

You will no doubt rememto strike your pen through Yours, truly,

EDWIN NORRIS.

[The Italic capital letters represent the dashed letters of the Polish and Lettish

languages.]

ABBREVIATIONS.

B. Bohemian; D. Danish; Fin. Finnish; Fr. French; G. German; It. Italian; Lat. Latin; Let. Lettish; Lit. Lithuanian; Mag. Magyar; Mol. Moldavian; P. Polish; Pers. Persian; S. Servian; Sans. Sanskrit; Sp. Spanish; T. Turkish; W. Welsh.