9th S. VIII. OCT. 12, 1901.] NOTES AND QUERIES. THE ROYAL STANDARD (9th S. vii. 269, 353). Principal Shairp have shared in the Logan- C. C. T.-When and why did the kings of The title of the lion to be considered a most royal beast is well recognized; but its adoption as an heraldic charge so royally and so largely in early times may not be so well "There is such a vagueness about Dr. McKelvie's, and specially about Dr. Grosart's statements, that we feel compelled to leave the possession of author-known. ship in Logan's hands; and even the verses quoted, (From 'The Complaint of Nature' :Who from the cearments of the tomb Can raise the human mold? and The beams that shine from Zion's hill The King that reigns on Salem's tow'rs In 1897 the Glasgow Herald, the North British Advertiser (Edinburgh), and the Edinburgh Evening Dispatch devoted considerable space to this controversy, in which the present writer took part. Articles also appeared in the Kinross-shire Advertiser, Ayr Observer, Cumnock Express, the Scots Magazine, and the United Presbyterian Magazine, about the same period. While much was urged on behalf of Michael Bruce, it may fairly be said that the Rev. John Logan was very ably supported. 'The Ode to the Cuckoo' occupied the first place in his volume of poems issued in 1781, again in 1782, and after his death in 1789 (third edition). I am still of opinion that the balance of evidence is in favour of Logan as the writer of this ADAM SMAIL. much-admired piece. Edinburgh. Anent the claims of the Rev. J. Logan and Michael Bruce to the authorship of 'The Ode to the Cuckoo,' there is a pamphlet published 1892 by Stride, Green Road, Southsea, entitled "A Complete Vindication of the Rev. John Logan, F.R.S. E., from the Slanderous Charge brought against him by MacKelvie, Grosart, Brooke, Julian, and others of stealing the Hymns and Poems of Michael Bruce. A letter to a friend by (Rev.) W. Tidd Matson." He says in I. 6 Bruce probably wrote one stanza of the ode. Bolton. CLIO. Dr. Woodward states (vol. i. p. 221) :— "The earliest known example of it [i.e., the lion in heraldry] was on a seal of Philip I., Count of Flanders, appended to a document of 1164; and before long it became the ensign of the princes of Normandy, Denmark, Scotland, and (according to most writers on the subject) England, of the counts of Holland-in fact, of most of the leading potentates of Europe, with the important exception of the German emperors and the kings of France. In England in the reign of Henry III. it was borne by have existed that sovereign houses had an exclusive so many of the principal nobles that no idea can right to it. In foreign armory the coats in which the lion appears as the principal, most frequently as the sole charge, may be numbered by thousands." It has been generally assumed, I think, that our early English sovereigns-from the Norman Conquest down to at least the Plantagenet succession had adopted as their royal insignia the two golden lions passant-gardant in pale on a field gules which formed the traditional cognizance of the Duchy of Normandy. But Dr. Woodward, in his chapter on National Arms' in the second volume of his work, is not dis'extremely doubtful." posed to agree with this assumption, which he characterizes as He says (vol. ii. p. 317) :— "No armorial bearings appear upon any of their seals until the reign of the Plantagenet kings. The earliest who used them is Richard I., upon whose second great seal, of the date 1198, the mounted effigy of the monarch bears a shield charged with the three lions passant-gardant of England (CataThey appear to be a composite coat formed from logue of Seals in the British Museum,' p. 14, No. 87). those of the Duchy of Normandy by the addition of the single lion of Guyenne, which the first Plantagenet king Henry II. assumed in right of his wife Eleanore of Aquitaine.” Your correspondent rightly says "lions or leopards," thus expressing a doubt which has long existed amongst heraldic students. Upon this question Dr. Woodward writes (vol. i. p. 221): "The English lions which first appear on the seals of Richard I., 1195, 1198 (Demay, Le Costume d'après les Sceaux,' p. 124), were in the reign of Henry III., and for two centuries afterwards, more generally designated leopards, and that not only (as has been said) in derision by the French, but by the English themselves. In token of their being his armorial insignia, three leopards were sent to Henry III. by the Emperor Frederick II. Glover's Roll, c. 1250, which gives lions to six of the English earls, begins with Le roy d'Angleterre porte, Goules, trois lupards d'or.'......The designation of leopards continued to be generally adhered to throughout the reigns of the three Edwards, though the identity of the animals was occasionally disputed; and Nicholas Serby was Leopard Herald in the reign of Henry V. But by the end of the fifteenth century it seems to have been decided by competent authority that the three beasts in the royal coat were lions; and the early armorialists, John of Guildford, Nicholas Upton, and the rest, protest strongly against their being called anything else." And Dr. Woodward cites, apparently with approval, the late Mr. Planche's opinion, that from an historical point of view these writers are in the right, and for the following reason: "In the early days of coat-armour, more especially in England, the animals most commonly met with were lions and leopards, which in the rude drawing of the day were distinguishable only by their respective attitudes. The lion's normal position was rampant'......that of a leopard was what came to be defined as 'passant-gardant."" And at p. 224 he goes on to say : "In French blazon the old distinction between the lion and the leopard is still preserved. The lion is our lion rampant. The leopard is the same beast, but passant-gardant; while the name lionléopardé is given to our lion passant, and that of léopard-lionné to the lion rampant-gardant." In a very useful little work on heraldry by S. T. Aveling (1891), which is stated to include Boutell's Heraldry' (though I do not see how the less can include the greater), and which is the only other heraldic work I have with me in the West Indies, at p. 79 the author states:- "There has been much controversy about the term leopard, and the subject has been fairly exhausted; and it has now been pretty well decided that the term 'leopard' did not actually mean the animal of that name, but was a term applied to the lion when in the particular position represented in the royal shield of England.' And the same author supports the view expressed by Dr. Woodward that the English themselves used the word leopard with reference to the royal lions by referring to the statute 28 Edward I. c. 20 (A.D. 1300), which ordains that all pieces of gold or silver plate, when assayed, should be "signée de une teste de leopart "-marked with the king's lion. J. S. UDAL. Antigua, W.I. SHAKESPEARE THE "KNAVISH" AND RABELAIS (9th S. vii. 162, 255, 330, 474; viii. 206).—— MR. JOHN T. CURRY, in reply to MR. THORPE, cites Marston to prove his case as follows: "In Marston's two sets of satires, the former printed in 1598 and the latter in 1599, there are bear witness to his popularity......:two clear references to Shakespeare which both A man, a man, a kingdome for a man! The second is more interesting, and is as follows:Luscus, what's plaid to day? Faith now I know I set thy lips abroach, from whence doth flowe Naught but pure Juliet and Romeo." But MR. CURRY appears not to know that the writings of Marston evidence the fact that he and Shakespeare were enemies. The topic requires more space than N. & Q.' would probably care to devote to it; but as to MR. CURRY's two citations, it may be said that the satirist parodied Richard's famous saying in not less than three of his plays, and that other expressions of the dramatist were also ridiculed, or, at least, put into the mouth of a ridiculous character. As to the Romeo and Juliet' citation, I beg to remind MR. CURRY that he is skating on very thin ice, for if he will read the balance of the passage which he quotes, he will find himself in a precious dilemma-nothing less, in fact, than the statement of the satirist that 'Romeo and Juliet' was being played at the Curtain Theatre (Halliwell-Phillipps and Bullen both spell it with a capital C). Believers in Shakespeare's authorship of this play shy and balk at this passage, and well they may, for if Marston's statement is true, the history of Shakespeare's dramatic career should be rethat it cannot get about even on crutches. written. Collier's explanation is so lame But the truth probably is that the play was not written by Shakespeare. The history of the Quartos should be convincing, to which should be added the very strong implication in one of the 'Return from Parnassus' plays that Samuel Daniel was the author of the play. MR. CURRY holds "that the Poetaster' contains the first of the eulogies on Shakespeare by his great contemporary." Symonds has already guessed that Virgil was Shakespeare, and Fleay surmised that in Virgil and Ovid, Jonson intended Chapman and Donne. But it is fairly certain that the descriptions given could have been intended only for the real Virgil and Ovid. Further, if Shakespeare be the author of 'Romeo and Juliet,' MR. CURRY will not fail to note that Act IV. sc. ix. (edition 1640) of the Poetaster' is a huge burlesque of the balcony scene. And Gifford, who could be so blind where his prejudices were involved, has a characteristic note on Jonson's scene in which he unconsciously pays him a high compliment, the "hurly-burly" having evidently been strong enough to arrest his attention. CHAS. A. HERPICH. New York. DELAGOA BAY (9th S. vii. 407, 430, 478).The Athenæum of 5 October (p. 452) contains a review of 'The Growth of the Empire, a Handbook to the History of Greater Britain,' by Mr. Arthur W. Jose (Murray), in which appears the following: "Although the statements of the author are bold and sweeping in their condensation, they are for the most part accurate. Of Delagoa Bay, at some time between 1869 and the MacMahon award, it is indeed asserted that Portugal willing to sell' for 12,000l. This," the reviewer adds, "is a precise statement with regard to a matter which has often been the subject of controversy. We doubt the accuracy of Mr. Jose upon this point, and should be greatly interested in his evidence." was Y. historical romance, with few equals in all literature. facts, no one need ever regret the hours spent with Read as fiction, but as fiction very true to the Prescott's romance of Cortez, the conqueror of was Mexico." Exemplary in diligence was Prescott in his search after materials, and his prosecution of his task, regardless of the gradual loss of sight, was heroic. Not his fault is it if his work is no longer the authority it once held him, though largely at second hand, and in his to be. Official documents were consulted by darkened room he considered and reconsidered their worth and significance. To this close study are attributed the admirable proportion and sequence of his narrative. He knew nothing, however, about each other. Of the natives of Mexico he knew still Spaniards except what Spaniards said concerning less, never probably having seen an American Indian. Thus, though his book obtained at once remarkable popularity-the American edition being exhausted within five weeks and an English edition within five months- and although it has been regarded as an authority for more than half a century, it "must inevitably be supplanted by some future work, which will be recognized as more accurate in detail and as a more correct representation of the conditions and the characters with The edition now reprinted is from which it deals." the posthumous edition issued in 1874 by Mr. John Foster Kirk, who was Prescott's secretary. Kirk's AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (9th S. additions are distinguished by being placed viii. 85, 154).— History of the Conquest of Mexico. By William H. Prescott. Edited by John Foster Kirk. 3 vols. (Bell & Sons.) WERE Prescott still alive, we should unhesitatingly congratulate him upon the approaching inclusion of his works in "Bohn's Standard Library," the first step to which is taken in the appearance of the History of the Conquest of Mexico.' Not absolutely an ideal Parnassus is the "Standard Library," but it is the nearest approach to one we possess. It is with regard to the literature of yesterday what the Tauchnitz collection is to that of to-day; and though some few of the works are out of date, it is the best collection of which we can boast. Not unworthy of the position assigned them are Prescott's historical works. In their day they had a great reputation; and if their authority is now impaired, it is because knowledge has advanced and sources of information not accessible to Prescott have since his day been opened out. The introduction to the present work, which is by Mr. George Parker Winship, M.A., librarian of the John Carter Brown Library, puts the matter very clearly: "Prescott's 'Mexico' is really a great within brackets. When all limitations are made, Prescott's 'Mexico' is a book which may be read with pleasure and advantage, and one which in its present convenient form is sure of a warm welcome. A Register of the Members of St. Mary Magdalen College, Oxford, from the Foundation of the College.-New Series, Vol. III. Fellows, 1576-1648. By William Dunn Macray. (Frowde.) MR. MACRAY is not only an enthusiastic antiquary, but a hard worker. The volume before us contains a large body of facts, gathered in many cases from forgotten sources such as no one but an antiquary of the more intelligent sort would ever have thought of exploring. The period which this volume of the Register covers is an important one in the history of Oxford. The times were unsettled, and there was much of evil as well as of good in the university life of those days. The volume ends before the compulsory revolutionary changes that were forced upon the college after the triumph of the Parlia mentarian party. We are very anxious to see the next volume, which, we imagine, will contain an account of the men who ruled therein when Puritanism was in the ascendant. Of some of these very little is at present known. It is commonly thought that James II.'s conduct in forcing his nominees upon Magdalen was a usurpation for which there was no precedent to be alleged in excuse. This, however, is a mistake. The act was undoubtedly a violation of justice as well as of legal right, but, as Mr. Macray points out, there were several former examples which are almost exactly parallel. Instances of this sort occurred in years covered by the volume before us. The Crown now and again exercised the right of filling up vacancies, but disguised the usurpation under the specious term of recommendation." Like the benevolences which kings were in the habit of calling for when they wanted money, the term was courteous, but the 66 meaning covered thereby was obvious to the most unwilling. Of Robert Ashley, the traveller and linguist, we have an interesting account derived from his unpublished autobiography. He learnt Latin and French under the well-known Adrian Saravia, who received a few pupils of upper-class families for the purpose of teaching them modern languages. Some of the punishments inflicted by the college authorities were strange. There are several instances of Fellows being compelled to study in the library in atonement for irregularities. Was some staid person told off to stand over these delinquents, to see that they did not waste their time? We have known persons to whom it would never have occurred, had they been imprisoned in a college library, to take down a book. Another curious example of punishment is recorded. John West, who had been elected in consequence of a royal missive, was, it is evident, a very unsatisfactory member of the college. In 1612 he was twice punished for disorderly conduct, and warned to avoid suspicious company. This was in addition | to having to make a speech in hall at dinner-time against drunkenness and bad companions. A certain William Mason, probably one of his riotous friends, was ordered to do the like on the same occasion. We wonder whether these harangues were delivered in Latin or in the vernacular. The list of college plate given at the end of the volume is interesting. Many of the vessels have the arms of the donors engraved thereon, and these are described in heraldic terms. The History of Rossall School. By John Frederick THOUGH it has been in existence as a public school · 66 seen throughout at his best. No less interesting Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rules. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. When answer entries in the paper, contributors are requested to M. H. S. ("Coldharbour").-See 1st i. S. 60; ii. 159, 340; vi. 455; ix. 107; xii. 254, 293, and many later references. THOUGH political articles hold the place of honouring queries, or making notes with regard to previous in the Nineteenth Century, there is a larger percentage than usual of matter of diversified interest. Mr. Arnold Haultain depicts A Winter's Walk in Canada.' Some of the features of Canadian life are calculated to surprise the travelling Englishman. Fancy the morning milk cans being covered with furs! We have, however, known English milk cans wrapped in straw. Sir Herbert Maxwell dwells on "The Sad Plight of British Forestry,' a subject on which he is well entitled to speak. Ignorance is the chief cause of the failure in forest trees, but sentiment, the desire to preserve picturesqueness, has also its responsibilities. Many suggestions as to the management of State woodlands are advanced. Very interesting are the 'Fragments of Mr. Gladstone's Conversation' supplied by Mrs. Goodhart. Especially noteworthy is what is said by Gladstone about John Bright. The dead leader is, indeed, NOTICE. Editorial communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. |