CHAP. XCV.] HYPERIDES AND DEMOSTHENES. 401 raise the standard of liberation'. To many Athenian patriots, more ardent than long-sighted, such appeals inspired both sympathy and confidence. Moreover Harpalus would of course purchase every influential partisan who would accept a bribe; in addition to men like Charikles, who were already in his interest. His cause was espoused by Hyperides2, an earnest anti-Macedonian citizen, and au orator second only to Demosthenes. There seems good reason for believing that at first, a strong feeling was excited in favour of taking part with the exile; the people not being daunted even by the idea of war with Alexander3. See the new and interesting, though unfortunately scanty, fragments of the oration of Hyperides against Demosthenes, published and elucidated by Mr. Churchill Babington from a recently discovered Egyptian papyrus (Cambridge, 1850). From Fragm. 14 (p. 38 of Mr. Babington's edition) we may see that the promises mentioned in the text were actually held out by Harpalus-indeed we might almost have presumed it without positive evidence. Hyperides addresses Demosthenes-ταύτας ὑπ......ις τῷ ψηφίσματι, συλλαβὼν τὸν Αρπαλον καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἅπαντας πρεσβεύεσθαι πεποίηκας ὡς ̓Αλέξανδρον, οὐκ ἔχοντας ἄλλην οὐδεμίαν ἀποστροφήν· τοὺς δὲ βαρβάρους, οἳ αὐτοὶ ἂν ἧκον φέροντες εἰς ταὐτὸ τὴν δύναμιν, ἔχοντες τὰ χρήματα καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας ὅσους ἕκαστος αὐτῶν εἶχε, τούτους σύμπαντας οὐ μόνον κεκώλυκας ἀποστῆναι ἐκείνου τῇ συλλήψει τοῦ ̔Αρπάλου, ἀλλὰ καὶ...... From the language thus used by Hyperides in his accusation, we are made to perceive what prospects he (and of course Harpalus, upon whose authority he must have spoken) had held out to the people when the case was first under discussion. The fragment here cited is complete as to the main sense, not requiring very great help from conjecture. In some of the other fragments, the conjectural restorations of Mr. Babington, though highly probable and judicious, form too large a proportion of the whole to admit of our citing them with confidence as testimony. 2 Pollux, x. 159. 3 Plutarch, De Vitioso Pudore, p. 531. τῶν γὰρ ̓Αθηναίων ὡρμημένων ̔Αρπάλῳ βοηθεῖν, καὶ κορυσσόντων ἐπὶ τὸν ̓Αλέξανδρον, ἐξαίφνης ἐπεφάνη Φιλόξενος, ὁ τῶν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ πραγμάτων ̓Αλεξάνδρου στρατηγός· VOL. XII. 2 D Phokion and Demosthenes both agree in dis Phokion, whom Harpalus vainly endeavoured to corrupt, resisted of course the proposition of espousing his cause. And Demosthenes also resisted it, not less decidedly, from the very outset'. from taking Notwithstanding all his hatred of Macedonian su suading the Athenians up Har palus. Demand by Antipater for the sur render of Harpalus the Athe premacy, he could not be blind to the insanity of declaring war against Alexander. Indeed those who study his orations throughout, will find his counsels quite as much distinguished for prudence as for vigorous patriotism. His prudence, on this occasion, however, proved injurious to his political position; for while it incensed Hyperides and the more sanguine anti-Macedonians, it probably did not gain for himself anything beyond a temporary truce from his old macedonising opponents. The joint opposition of politicians so discordant as Demosthenes and Phokion, prevailed over the impulse which the partisans of Harpalus had created. No decree could be obtained in his favour. Presently however the case was complicated by the coming of envoys from Antipater and Olympias in arrest Har- Macedonia, requiring that he should be surrensequestrate dered. The like requisition was also addressed by his trea- the Macedonian admiral Philoxenus, who arrived Alexander. with a small squadron from Asia. These demands nians refuse to comply, but they palus and sure for were refused, at the instance of Phokion no less ' Plutarch, Phokion, c. 21; Plutarch, Demosthen. 25. CHAP. XCV.] HARPALUS IS ARRESTED AT ATHENS. 403 disposition to support Harpalus gave way to the necessity of propitiating Alexander. A decree was passed to arrest Harpalus, and to place all his money under sequestration in the acropolis, until special directions could be received from Alexander; to whom, apparently, envoys were sent, carrying with them the slaves of Harpalus to be interrogated by him, and instructed to solicit a lenient sentence at his hands'. Now it was Demosthenes who moved these decrees for personal arrest and for sequestration of the money2; whereby he incurred still warmer resentment from Hyperides and the other Harpalian partisans, who denounced him as a subservient creature of the allpowerful monarch. Harpalus was confined, but presently made his escape; probably much to the satisfaction of Phokion, Demosthenes, and every one else; for even those who were most anxious to get rid of him would recoil from the odium and dishonour of surrendering him, even under constraint, to a certain death. He fled to Krete, where he was but escapes. soon after slain by one of his own companions3. 1 Deinarchus adv. Demosth. s. 69. éàv rovs naîdas karañéμ↓n (Alexander) πρὸς ἡμᾶς τοὺς νῦν εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνακεκομισμένους, καὶ τούτων ἀξιοῖ τὴν ἀληθείαν πυθέσθαι, &c. * See the fragment cited in a preceding note from the oration of Hyperides against Demosthenes. That it was Demosthenes who moved the decree for depositing the money in the acropolis, we learn also from one of his other accusers-the citizen who delivered the speech composed by Deinarchus (adv. Demosthen. sect. 68, 71, 89)—čypayev αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ δήμῳ Δημοσθένης, ὡς δηλόνοτι δικαίου τοῦ πράγματος ὄντος, φυλάττειν ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ τὰ εἰς τὴν ̓Αττικὴν ἀφικόμενα μετὰ Αρπάλου χρήματα. Deinarchus (adv. Demosth. s. 97-106) accuses Demosthenes of base flattery to Alexander. Hyperides also makes the same charge-see the Fragments in Mr. Babington's edition, sect. 2. Fr. 11. p. 12; sect. 3. Fr. 5. p. 34. 3 Pausan. ii. 33, 4; Diodor. xvii. 108. Demosthe nes moves the decree for arrest of Harpa lus, who Conduct of Demosthenes in regard to the trea At the time when the decrees for arrest and sequestration were passed, Demosthenes requested a citizen near him to ask Harpalus publicly in the Harpalus assembly, what was the amount of his money, the people had just resolved to impound'. sure of deficiency of the sum realized, as compared with the sum an nounced by which Harcounted and palus answered, 720 talents; and Demosthenes proclaimed this sum to the people, on the authority of Harpalus, dwelling with some emphasis upon its Harpalus. magnitude. But when the money came to be counted in the acropolis, it was discovered that there was in reality no more than 350 talents. Now it is said that Demosthenes did not at once communicate to the people this prodigious deficiency in the real sum as compared with the announcement of Harpalus, repeated in the public assembly by himself. The impression prevailed, for how long a time we do not know, that 720 Harpalian talents had actually been lodged in the acropolis; and when the truth became at length known, great surprise and outcry were excited. It was assumed that the missing half of the sum set forth must have been employed in corruption; and suspicions prevailed against almost all the orators, Demosthenes and Hyperides both included. 1 This material fact, of the question publicly put to Harpalus in the assembly by some one at the request of Demosthenes, appears in the Fragments of Hyperides, p. 5, 7, 9, ed. Babington-кaðημEVOS KάTw ὑπὸ τῇ κατατομῇ, ἐκέλευσε......τὸν χορευτὴν ἐρωτῆσαι τὸν Αρπαλον ὅποσα εἴη τὰ χρήματα τὰ ἀνοισθησόμενα εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν· ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι ἑπτακόσια, &c. The term κaтaтoμn (see Mr. Babington's note) " designates a broad passage occurring at intervals between the concentrically arranged benches of seats in a theatre, and running parallel with them." 2 Plutarch, Vit. X. Orat. p. 846. In the life of Demosthenes given by Photius (Cod. 265. p. 494) it is stated that only 308 talents were found. CHAP. XCV.] AMOUNT OF THE HARPALIAN TREASURE. 405 about this Demosthe that the vestigate -the Areo bring in a In this state of doubt, Demosthenes moved that the Senate of Areopagus should investigate the matter and report who were the presumed delinquents' fit to be indicted before the Dikastery; he Suspicions declared in the speech accompanying his motion that moneythe real delinquents, whoever they might be, deserved nes moves to be capitally punished. The Areopagites delayed Areopagus their report for six months, though Demosthenes shall inis said to have called for it with some impatience. the matter Search was made in the houses of the leading pagites orators, excepting only one who was recently report married'. At length the report appeared, enume- Demostherating several names of citizens chargeable with es himself, the appropriation of this money, and ing how much had been taken by each. these names were Demosthenes himself, with 20 talents-Demades charged with 6000 golden mosthenes staters and other citizens, with different sums attached to their names. Upon this report, ten public accusers were appointed to prosecute the indictment against the persons specified, before the against with De others, as specify-mades and Among guilty of charged propria 1 That this motion was made by Demosthenes himself, is a point strongly pressed by his accuser Deinarchus-adv. Demosth. s. 5. 62. 84, &c. compare also the Fragm. of Hyperides, p. 59, ed. Babington. Deinarchus, in his loose rhetoric, tries to put the case as if Demosthenes had proposed to recognise the sentence of the Areopagus as final and peremptory, and stood therefore condemned upon the authority invoked by himself. But this is refuted sufficiently by the mere fact that the trial was instituted afterwards; besides that it is repugnant to the judicial practice of Athens. 2 Plutarch. Demosth, 26. We learn from Deinarchus (adv. Demosth. s. 46) that the report of the Areopagites was not delivered until after an interval of six months. About their delay and the impatience of Demosthenes, see Fragm. Hyperides, pp. 12-33, ed. Babington. 3 Deinarchus adv. Demosth. s. 92. See the Fragm. of Hyperides in Mr. Babington, p. 18. • Deinarchus adv. Aristogeiton., s. 6. Stratokles was one of the accusers. corrupt ap tion. De is tried on this charge, condemned, into exile. and goes |