CHAP. XCV.] PLANS OF THE MACEDONIAN OFFICERS. 431 on the entire empire, were, Perdikkas, chiliarch of the horse (the post occupied by Hephæstion until his death), a sort of vizir1, and Seleukus, commander of the Horse Guards. No one at this moment talked of dividing the empire. But it soon appeared that Perdikkas, profiting by the weakness of Aridæus, had determined to leave to him nothing more than the imperial name, and to engross for himself the real authority. Still, however, in his disputes with the other chiefs, he represented the imperial family, and the integrity of the empire, contending against severalty and local independence. In this task (besides his brother Alketas), his ablest and most effective auxiliary was Eumenes of Kardia, secretary of Alexander for several years until his death. It was one of the earliest proceedings of Perdikkas to wrest Kappadokia from the local chief Ariarathes (who had contrived to hold it all through the reign of Alexander), and to transfer it to Eumenes, to whom it had been allotted in the general scheme of division2. List of projects enter. tained by Alexander at the time death. At the moment of Alexander's death, Kraterus was in Kilikia, at the head of an army of veteran Macedonian soldiers. He had been directed to conduct them home into Macedonia, with orders to remain of his there himself in place of Antipater, who was to The genecome over to Asia with fresh reinforcements. Kra- them as too terus had with him a paper of written instructions Plans of from Alexander, embodying projects on the most and Kleogigantic scale; for western conquest-transporta- patra. 1 Arrian and Dexippus-De Reb. post Alex. ut supra: compare Diodor. xviii. 48. 2 Diodor. xviii. 16. rals dismiss vast. Leonnatus B.C. 322. tion of inhabitants by wholesale from Europe into Asia and Asia into Europe-erection of magnificent religious edifices in various parts of Greece and Macedonia, &c. This list was submitted by Perdikkas to the officers and soldiers around him, who dismissed the projects as too vast for any one but Alexander to think of1. Kraterus and Antipater had each a concurrent claim to Greece and Macedonia, and the distributors of the empire had allotted these countries to them jointly, not venturing to exclude either. Amidst the conflicting pretensions of these great Macedonian officers, Leonnatus also cherished hopes of the same prize. He was satrap of the Asiatic territory bordering upon the Hellespont, and had received propositions from Kleopatra at Pella, inviting him to marry her and assume the government of Macedonia. About the same time, urgent messages were also sent to him (through Hekatæus despot of Kardia) from Antipater, immediately after the defeat preceding the siege of Lamia, entreating his cooperation against the Greeks. Leonnatus accordingly came, intending to assist Antipater against the Greeks, but also to dispossess him of the government of Macedonia and marry Kleopatra. This scheme remained unexecuted, because (as has been already related) Leonnatus was slain in his first encounter with the Greeks. To them, his death was a grave misfortune; to Antipater, it was an advantage which more than countervailed the defeat, since it relieved him from a dangerous rival. It was not till the ensuing summer that Kraterus * Plutarch, Eumenes, 3. 1 Diodor. xviii. 4. CHAP. XCV.] VICTORY OF ANTIPATER AT KRANNON. 433 joins Anti Macedonia army. Krannon in Antipater the Greeks, though not a complete one. found leisure to conduct his army into Macedonia. Kraterus By this junction, Antipater, to whom he ceded the pater in command, found himself at the head of a powerful wate army-40,000 heavy infantry, 5000 cavalry, and powerful 3000 archers and slingers. He again marched into Battle of Thessaly against the Greeks under Antiphilus; and Thessaly. the two armies came in sight on the Thessalian gains a plains near Krannon. The Grecian army consisted victory over of 25,000 infantry, and 3500 cavalry-the latter, Thessalians under Menon, of admirable efficiency. The soldiers in general were brave, but insubordinate; while the contingents of many cities had gone home without returning, in spite of urgent remonstrances from the commander. Hoping to be rejoined by these absentees, Antiphilus and Menon tried at first to defer fighting; but Antipater forced them to a battle. Though Menon with his Thessalian cavalry defeated and dispersed the Macedonian cavalry, the Grecian infantry were unable to resist the superior number of Antipater's infantry and the heavy pressure of the phalanx. They were beaten back and gave way, yet retiring in tolerable order, the Macedonian phalanx being incompetent for pursuit, to some difficult neighbouring ground, where they were soon joined by their victorious cavalry. The loss of the Greeks is said to have been 500 men; that of the Macedonians, 1201. The defeat of Krannon (August 322 B.C.) was no way decisive or ruinous, nor would it probably have crushed the spirit of Leosthenes, had he been alive and in command. The coming up of the absentee contingents might still have enabled the 1 Diodor. xviii. 17; Plutarch, Phokion, 26. VOL. XII. 2 F tries to open nego tiations with Anti refuses to except with each city singly. ment among the Each city treats sepa- Antiphilus Greeks to make head. But Antiphilus and Menon, after holding counsel, declined to await and accelerate that junction. They thought themselves who under the necessity of sending to open negotiations treat, for peace with Antipater; who however returned for answer, that he would not recognise or treat Discourage. With any Grecian confederacy, and that he would receive no propositions except from each city seveGreeks. rally. Upon this the Grecian commanders at once resolved to continue the war, and to invoke reinforcements from their countrymen. But their own manifestation of timidity had destroyed the chance that remained of such reinforcements arriving. While Antipater commenced a vigorous and successful course of action against the Thessalian cities separately, the Greeks became more and more dispirited and alarmed. City after city sent its envoys to entreat peace from Antipater, who granted lenient terms to each, reserving only the Athenians and Etolians. In a few days, the combined Grecian army was dispersed; Antiphilus with the Athenians returned into Attica; Antipater followed them southward as far as Boeotia, taking up his quarters at the Macedonian post on the Kadmeia, once the Hellenic Thebes-within two days' march of Athens'. and Etolians. B C. 322. Against the overwhelming force thus on the frontiers of Attica, the Athenians had no means of defence. The principal anti-Macedonian orators, especially Demosthenes and Hyperides, retired from the city at once, seeking sanctuary in the temples of Kalauria and Egina. Phokion and Demades, 1 Diodor. xviii. 17; Plutarch, Phokion, c. 26. CHAP. XCV.] ATHENS SUBMITS TO ANTIPATER. 435 and his Boeotia unable to mosthenes other anti Macedotors take fight. EmPhon nian ora bassy of Phokion, Xenokra others to as the envoys most acceptable to Antipater, were Antipater sent to Kadmeia as bearers of the submission of army in the city, and petitioners for lenient terms. De- Athens left mades is said to have been at this time disfran- alone and chised and disqualified from public speaking-resist. Dehaving been indicted and found guilty thrice (some and the say seven times) under the Graphê Paranomon; but the Athenians passed a special vote of relief, to enable him to resume his functions of citizen. Neither Phokion nor Demades, however, could prevail upon Antipater to acquiesce in anything short tes, and of the surrender of Athens at discretion; the same Antipater. terms as Leosthenes had required from Antipater himself at Lamia. Kraterus was even bent upon marching forward into Attica, to dictate terms under the walls of Athens; and it was not without difficulty that Phokion obtained the abandonment of this intention; after which he returned to Athens with the answer. The people had no choice except to throw themselves on the mercy of Antipater'; and Phokion and Demades came back to Thebes to learn his determination. This time, they were accompanied by the philosopher Xenokrates-the successor of Plato and Speusippus, as presiding teacher in the school of the Academy. Though not a citizen of Athens, Xenokrates had long resided there; and it was supposed that his dignified character and intellectual eminence might be effi 1 Demochares, the nephew of Demosthenes, who had held a bold language and taken active part against Antipater throughout the Lamian war, is said to have delivered a public harangue recommending resistance even at this last moment. At least such was the story connected with his statue, erected a few years afterwards at Athens, representing him in the costume of an orator, but with a sword in handPlutarch, Vit. X. Oratt. p. 847: compare Polybius, xii. 13. |