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citizens generally could not be severed from that of the specific victims, is said to have recounted in the course of his speech, the old fable—of the wolf requiring the sheep to make over to him their protecting dogs, as a condition of peace-and then, devouring the unprotected sheep forthwith. He, and those demanded along with him, claimed the protection of the people, in whose cause alone they had incurred the wrath of the conqueror. Phokion on the other hand-silent at first, and rising only under constraint by special calls from the popular voice-contended that there was not force enough to resist Alexander, and that the persons in question must be given up. He even made appeal to themselves individually, reminding them of the self-devotion of the daughters of Erechtheus, memorable in Attic legend-and calling on them to surrender themselves voluntarily for the purpose of averting public calamity. He added, that he (Phokion) would rejoice to offer up either himself, or his best friend, if by such sacrifice he could save the city'. Lykurgus, one of the orators whose extradition was required, answered this speech of Phokion with vehemence and bitterness; and the public sentiment went along with him, indignantly repudiating Phokion's advice. By a resolute patriotism highly honourable at this trying juncture, it was decreed that the persons demanded should not be surrendered2.

On the motion of Demades, an embassy was

Plutarch, Phokion, 9-17; Diodor. xvii. 15.

* Diodor. xvii. 15. Ὁ δὲ δῆμος τοῦτον μὲν (Phokion) τοῖς θορύβοις εξέβαλε, προσάντως ἀκούων τοὺς λόγους.

the Athe

Embassy of sent to Alexander, deprecating his wrath against the ten, and engaging to punish them by judicial sentence, if any crime could be proved against Demades, who is said to have received

nians to Alexander. He is persuaded to

acquiesce in

and to be satisfied with the

of Chari

demus and

Ephialtes.

them.

the refusal, from Demosthenes a bribe of five talents, undertook this mission. But Alexander was at first banishment inexorable; refusing even to hear the envoys, and persisting in his requisition. It was only by the intervention of a second embassy, headed by Phokion, that a remission of terms was obtained. Alexander was persuaded to withdraw his requisition, and to be satisfied with the banishment of Charidemus and Ephialtes, the two anti-Macedonian military leaders. Both of them accordingly, and seemingly other Athenians with them, passed into Asia, where they took service under Darius'.

1 Arrian, i. 10, 8; Diodor. xvii. 15; Plutarch, Phokion, 17; Justin, xi. 4; Deinarchus cont. Demosth. p. 26.

Arrian states that the visit of Demades with nine other Athenian envoys to Alexander, occurred prior to the demand of Alexander for the extradition of the ten citizens. He (Arrian) affirms that immediately on hearing the capture of Thebes, the Athenians passed a vote, on the motion of Demades, to send ten envoys, for the purpose of expressing satisfaction that Alexander had come home safely from the Illyrians, and that he had punished the Thebans for their revolt. Alexander (according to Arrian) received this mission courteously, but replied by sending a letter to the Athenian people, insisting on the surrender of the ten citizens.

Now both Diodorus and Plutarch represent the mission of Demades as posterior to the demand made by Alexander for the ten citizens; and that it was intended to meet and deprecate that demand.

In my judgement, Arrian's tale is the less credible of the two. I think it highly improbable that the Athenians would by public vote express satisfaction that Alexander had punished the Thebans for their revolt. If the macedonising party at Athens was strong enough to carry so ignominious a vote, they would also have been strong enough to carry the subsequent proposition of Phokion—that the ten citizens

It was indeed no part of Alexander's plan to undertake a siege of Athens, which might prove long and difficult, since the Athenians had a superior naval force, with the sea open to them, and the chance of effective support from Persia. When therefore he saw, that his demand for the ten orators would be firmly resisted, considerations of policy gradually overcame his wrath, and induced him to relax.

Phokion in

terms-his

Phokion returned to Athens as the bearer of Alex- Influence of ander's concessions, thus relieving the Athenians obtaining from extreme anxiety and peril. His influence- these milder already great and of long standing, since for years ascendency past he had been perpetually re-elected general at Athens. became greater than ever, while that of Demosthenes

and the other anti-Macedonian orators must have

been lowered.
ander, victorious as he was, to secure the incor-
ruptible Phokion as leader of the macedonising
party at Athens. His projects against Persia were
mainly exposed to failure from the possibility of
opposition being raised against him in Greece
by the agency of Persian money and ships. To
keep Athens out of such combinations, he had
to rely upon the personal influence and party of
Phokion, whom he knew to have always dissuaded
her from resistance to the ever-growing aggrandise-
ment of his father Philip. In his conversation with
Phokion on the intended Asiatic expedition, Alex-

It was no mean advantage to Alex

demanded should be surrendered. The fact, that the Athenians afforded willing shelter to the Theban fugitives, is a farther reason for disbelieving this alleged vote.

increased

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B.C. 335, autumn. Alexander

at Corinth

-obedi

ence of the

Grecian synodinterview with the

philosopher Diogenes.

ander took some pains to flatter the pride of Athens by describing her as second only to himself, and as entitled to the headship of Greece, in case any thing should happen to him'. Such compliments were suitable to be repeated in the Athenian assembly: indeed the Macedonian prince might naturally prefer the idea of Athenian headship to that of Spartan, seeing that Sparta stood aloof from him, an open

recusant.

The animosity of Alexander being appeased, Athens resumed her position as a member of the confederacy under his imperial authority. Without visiting Attica, he now marched to the Isthmus of Corinth, where he probably received from various Grecian cities deputations deprecating his displeasure, and proclaiming their submission to his imperial authority. He also probably presided at a meeting of the Grecian synod, where he would dictate the contingents required for his intended Asiatic expedition in the ensuing spring. To the universal deference and submission which greeted him, one exception was found-the Cynic philosopher Diogenes, who resided at Corinth, satisfied with a tub for shelter, and with the coarsest and most self-denying existence. Alexander approached him with a numerous suite, and asked him if he wished for anything; upon which Diogenes is said to have replied,-" Nothing, except that you would stand a little out of my sunshine.' Both the philosopher and his reply provoked laughter from the bystanders, but Alexander himself was so

1 Plutarch, Phokion, 17; Plutarch, Alexand. 13.

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impressed with the independent and self-sufficing character manifested, that he exclaimed," If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes'."

334, winter.

tution of

Orchome

Platæa.

Return of

Alexander

to Pella.

Having visited the oracle of Delphi, and received B.c.335or extorted from the priestess an answer bearing Re-constifavourable promise for his Asiatic schemes, he returned to Macedonia before the winter. The most nus and important permanent effect of his stay in Greece was the re-constitution of Boeotia; that is, the destruction of Thebes, and the reconstitution of Orchomenus, Thespiæ, and Platæa, dividing between them the Theban territory; all guarded and controlled by a Macedonian garrison in the Kadmeia. It would have been interesting to learn some details about this process of destruction and restitution of the Boeotian towns; a process not only calling forth strong manifestations of sentiment, but also involving important and difficult questions to settle. But unfortunately we are not permitted to know anything beyond the general fact.

Alexander left Greece for Pella in the autumn of 335 B.C., and never saw it again.

operations

menio in

against

It appears, that during this summer, while he was B.c. 335. occupied in his Illyrian and Theban operations, the Military Macedonian force under Parmenio in Asia had had of Parto contend against a Persian army, or Greek merce- Asia Minor naries, commanded by Memnon the Rhodian. Par- Memnon. menio, marching into Æolis, besieged and took Grynium; after which he attacked Pitanê, but was compelled by Memnon to raise the siege. Memnon even gained a victory over the Macedonian force under Kallas in the Troad, compelling them to

1 Plutarch, Alex. 14.

VOL. XII.

2 Plutarch, Alex. 14.

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