sea-from the inland passes, which crossed over the ridge of Mount Amanus itself. But this distinction seems not uniformly observed by ancient authors, when we compare Strabo, Arrian, and Kallisthenes. Strabo uses the phrase, Amanian Gates, twice (xiv. p. 676; xvi. p. 751); in both cases designating a maritime pass, and not a pass over the mountain,—yet designating one maritime pass in the page first referred to, and another in the second. In xiv. p. 676-he means by ai 'Apavides rúλai, the spot called by modern travellers Demir Kapu, between Ege and Issus, or between Mopsuestia and Issus; while in xvi. 751-he means by the same words that which I have been explaining as the Gates of Kilikia and Syria, on the eastern side of the Gulf of Issus. In fact, Strabo seems to conceive as a whole the strip of land between Mount Amanus and the Gulf, beginning at Demir Kapu, and ending at the Gates of Kilikia and Syria—and to call both the beginning and the end of it by the same name-the Amanian Gates. But he does not use this last phrase to designate the passage over or across Mount Amanus; neither does Arrian; who in describing the march of Darius from Sochi into Kilikia, says (ii. 7, 1)-iжepßaλων δὴ τὸ ὄρος Δαρεῖος τὸ κατὰ τὰς πύλας τὰς ̓Αμανικὰς καλουμένας, ὡς ἐπὶ Ἴσσον προῆγε, καὶ ἐγένετο κατόπιν ̓Αλεξάνδρου λαθών. Here, let it be observed, we do not read iπeрßaλwr Tàs Túλas-nor can I think that the words mean, as the translator gives them—“transiit Amanum, eundo per Pylas Amanicas." The words rather signify, that Darius "crossed over the mountain where it adjoined the Amanian Gates "-i. e. where it adjoined the strip of land skirting the Gulf, and lying between those two extreme points which Strabo denominates Amanian Gates. Arrian employs this last phrase more loosely than Strabo, yet still with reference to the maritime strip, and not to a col over the mountain ridge. On the other hand, Kallisthenes (if he is rightly represented by Polybius, who recites his statement, not his words, xii. 17) uses the words Amanian Gates to signify the passage by which Darius entered Kilikia—that is, the passage over the mountain. That which Xenophon and Arrian call the Gates of Kilikia and Syria -and which Strabo calls Amanian Gates-is described by Polybius as τὰ στενά, καὶ τὰς λεγομένας ἐν τῇ Κιλικίᾳ πύλας. I have marked on the Plan the pass by which Darius crossed Mount Amanus, as it stands on Kiepert's Map, and on Chesney's Map; in the line from Aintab to the head of the Gulf, near the 37th parallel. It seems pretty certain that this must have been Darius's line of march, because he came down immediately upon Issus, and then marched forward to the river Pinarus. Had he entered Kilikia by the pass of Beylan, he must have passed the Pinarus before he reached Issus. The positive grounds for admitting a practicable pass near the 37th parallel, are indeed called in question by Mützel (ad Curtium, p. 102, 103), and are not in themselves conclusive; still I hold them sufficient, when taken in conjunction with the probabilities of the case. This pass was, however, we may suppose, less frequented than the maritime line of road through the Gates of Kilikia and Syria, and the pass of Beylan; which, as the more usual, was preferred both by the Cyreians and by Alexander. Respecting the march of Alexander, Dr. Thirlwall here starts a question, substantially to this effect: "Since Alexander intended to march through the pass of Beylan for the purpose of attacking the Persian camp at Sochi, what could have caused him to go to Myriandrus, which was more south than Beylan, and out of his road?" Dr. Thirlwall feels this difficulty so forcibly, that in order to eliminate it, he is inclined to accept the hypothesis of Mr. Williams, which places Myriandrus at Bayas, and the KilikoSyrian Gates at Demir-Kapu; an hypothesis which appears to me inadmissible on various grounds, and against which Mr. Ainsworth (in his Essay on the Cilician and Syrian Gates) has produced several very forcible objections. I confess that I do not feel the difficulty on which Dr. Thirlwall insists. When we see that Cyrus and the Ten Thousand went to Myriandrus, in their way to the Pass of Beylan, we may reasonably infer that, whether that town was in the direct line or not, it was at least in the usual road of march-which does not always coincide with the direct line. But to waive this supposition, however let us assume that there existed another shorter road leading to Beylan without passing by Myriandrus-there would still be reason enough to induce Alexander to go somewhat out of his way, in order to visit Myriandrus. For it was an important object with him to secure the sea-ports in his rear, in case of a possible reverse. Suppose him repulsed and forced to retreat,it would be a material assistance to his retreat, to have assured himself beforehand of Myriandrus as well as the other sea-ports. In the approaching months, we shall find him just as careful to make sure of the Phenician cities on the coast, before he marches into the interior to attack Darius at Arbela. Farther, Alexander, marching to attack Darius, had nothing to gain by haste, and nothing to lose by coming up to Sochi three days later. He knew that the enormous Persian host would not try to escape; it would either await him at Sochi, or else advance into Kilikia to attack him there. The longer he tarried, the more likely they were to do the latter, which was what he desired. He had nothing to lose therefore in any way, and some chance of gain, by prolonging his march to Sochi for as long a time as was necessary to secure Myriandrus. There is no more difficulty, I think, in understanding why he went to Myriandrus, than why he went westward from Tarsus (still more out of his line of advance) to Soli and Anchialus. It seems probable (as Rennell (p. 56) and others think), that the site of Myriandrus is now some distance inland; that there has been an accretion of new land and morass on the coast. The modern town of Scanderoon occupies the site of 'Aλežav dpeia Kar' "Iooov, founded (probably by order of Alexander himself) in commemoration of the victory of Issus. According to Ritter (p. 1791), "Alexander had the great idea of establishing there an emporium for the traffic of the East with Europe, as at the other Alexandria for the trade of the East with Egypt." The importance of the site of Scanderoon, in antiquity, is here greatly exaggerated. I know no proof that Alexander had the idea which Ritter ascribes to him; and it is certain that his successors had no such idea; because they founded the great cities of Antioch and Seleukeia (in Pieria), both of them carrying the course of trade up the Orontes, and therefore diverting it away from Scanderoon. This latter town is only of importance as being the harbour of Aleppo; a city (Berca) of little consequence in antiquity, while Antioch became the first city in the East, and Seleukeia among the first: see Ritter, p. 1152. THE END. INDEX. ABANTES. Abantes, iii. 222. Abdera, the army of Xerxes at, v. 58. Abydos, march of Xerxes to, v. 40; revolt Achæans, various accounts of, i. 143, 144; Achaia, ii. 404; towns and territory of, ii. Acharna, Archidamus at, vi. 177 seq. Achilléis, the basis of the Iliad, ii. 236 seq. Adranum, Timoleon at, xi. 209, 220. Adrastus, i. 369, 372 seq., 379; iii. 46. Bakid genealogy, i. 252 seq., 260. akus, i. 252 seg. Eétés, i. 164; and the Argonauts, i. 323 seq.; Æga, iii. 258. Egean, islands in, ii. 312; the Macedonian Egean islands, effect of the battle of Cha- Ægeids at Sparta, ii. 486. Egeus, i. 281; death of, i. 304. ESCHINES. Egina, i. 252; war of, against Athens, at the Æginæan scale, ii. 428 seq., 436; iii. 230. Ægistheus, i. 221 seq. Egospotami, battle of, viii. 295 seq.; condition of Athens and her dependen- Aeimnestus and Dionysius, x. 650. Enianes, ii. 383. Eolic Greeks in the Trôad, i. 453; emigra- Æolis, iii. 263, 264; the subsatrapy of, and Eschines, at the battle of Tamynæ, xi. 477; 551, 565, 566, 570 seq.; visit of, to Ethiopis of Arktinus, ii. 209. Etna, foundation of the city of, v. 309; se- Etolian genealogy, i. 193. Etolians, ii. 388; rude condition of, ii. 392; iii. 381 seq.; expedition of Agathokles to, Agaristé and Megaklês, iii. 52. of, in the Syracusan expedition to Kroton, xii. 577,583 seq.; capture of Utica by, xii. Agen, the satyric drama, xii. 398, 399 n. 1. Agesilaus, character of, ix. 336, 342, 387; Agesipolis, ix. 493 seq.; x. 47 seq., 91, 95. |