1067. Eudocia

Romanus III. Diogenes

1071. Michael VII. Parapinaces, Andronicus I. Constantine XII.

338

339

342

344

346

347

354

356.

CH. XLIX.-INTRODUCTION, WORSHIP, AND PERSECUTION OF IMAGES.—

REVOLT OF ITALY AND ROME.-TEMPORAL DOMINION OF THE POPES.-

CONQUEST OF ITALY BY THE FRANKS.-ESTABLISHMENT OF IMAGES.

-CHARACTER AND CORONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE.-RESTORATION AND

DECAY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST.-INDEPENDENCE OF

ITALY.-CONSTITUTION OF THE GERMANIC BODY.

Introduction of Images into the Christian Church

Their Worship

The Image of Edessa

Its Copies

Opposition to Image Worship

726-840. Leo the Iconoclast, and his Successors

754. Their Synod of Constantinople .

Their Creed

State of Italy

726-775. Their Persecution of the Images and Monks

727. Epistles of Gregory II. to the Emperor

728. Revolt of Italy

Republic of Rome

730-752. Rome Attacked by the Lombards

754. Her Deliverance by Pepin

A.D.

PAGE

774. Conquest of Lombardy by Charlemagne

751. 753. 768. Pepin and Charlemagne, Kings of France

Patricians of Rome.

Donations of Pepin and Charlemagne to the Popes

Forgery of the Donation of Constantine

780. Restoration of Images in the East by the Empress Irene

787. VIIth General Council: IInd of Nice

842. Final Establishment of Images by the Empress Theodora

794. Reluctance of the Franks and of Charlemagne

774-800. Final Separation of the Popes from the Eastern

397

398

Empire

400

800. Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of Rome and of

the West

402

962. Otho, King of Germany, Restores and Appropriates the

Western Empire

415

Transactions of the Western and Eastern Empires

416

800-1060. Authority of the Emperors in the Elections of the

854-1250. Independence of the Princes of Germany

1250. The Germanic Constitution

1347-1378. Weakness and Poverty of the German Emperor

429

431

CH. L.-DESCRIPTION OF ARABIA AND ITS INHABITANTS.—BIRTH, CHA-

RACTER, AND DOCTRINE OF MAHOMET.-HE PREACHES AT MECCA.-

FLIES TO MEDINA. PROPAGATES HIS RELIGION BY THE SWORD.-

VOLUNTARY OR RELUCTANT SUBMISSION OF THE ARABS.-HIS DEATH

AND SUCCESSORS. THE CLAIMS AND FORTUNES OF ALI AND HIS

DESCENDANTS.

A.D.

Description of Arabia

PAGE

435

The Soil and Climate.

Division of the Sandy, the Stony, and the Happy Arabia

Manners of the Bedoweens, or Pastoral Arabs

437

438

439

Mahomet the Apostle of God, and the Last of the Prophets. 470

A.D.

His Defensive Wars against the Koreish of Mecca

623. Battle of Beder

PAGE

495

496

497

498

629, 630. First War of the Mahometans against the Romau

.DEA

CHAPTER XLIV.

OF THE ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE. THE LAWS OF THE KINGS. THE TWELVE TABLES OF THE DECEMVIRS. THE LAWS OF THE PEOPLE. -THE DECREES OF THE SENATE. THE EDICTS OF THE MAGISTRATES AND EMPERORS.-AUTHORITY OF THE CIVILIANS.-CODE, PANDECTS, NOVELS, AND INSTITUTES, OF JUSTINIAN.-I. RIGHTS OF PERSONS.-II. RIGHTS OF THINGS.- III. PRIVATE INJURIES AND ACTIONS. - IV. CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS.

THE vain titles of the victories of Justinian are crumbled into dust: but the name of the legislator is inscribed on a fair and everlasting monument. Under his reign, and by his care, the civil jurisprudence was digested in the immortal works of the CODE, the PANDECTS, and the INSTITUTES ;* the public reason of the Romans has been silently or stu

* The civilians of the darker ages have established an absurd and incomprehensible mode of quotation, which is supported by authority and custom. In their references to the Code, the Pandects, and the Institutes, they mention the number, not of the book, but only of the law; and content themselves with reciting the first words of the title to which it belongs; and of these titles there are more than a thousand. Ludwig (Vit. Justiniani, p. 268) wishes to shake off this pedantic yoke; and I have dared to adopt the simple and rational method of numbering the book, the title, and the law [This chapter has much engaged the VOL. T.

B