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however, is a man with eyes, a man who, which it will be, though creditors are eyesuppressing newspapers, understands politi-ing the Imperial till somewhat savagely, cal economy; who, punishing public-meet- and that the delay is not too great, which ings, understands the power of association; is the doubtful point, and there will be no who, believing in prefects and bayonets, émeute in Lyons, against the Emperor at all looks out with dreamy eyes to the power events. Sous-prefets may be stoned, and which prefects and privates cannot see, but gendarmerie shot, and agents d'autorité buwhich is beyond them, The Emperor does ried under pavement; but after all, earthly not give the Lyonnese a stone when they Providences can replace them without seare clamouring for bread, he sends them an rious exertion, and vacancies accelerate idea. To him, as to all far-seeing men, it is promotion. The Lyonnese will wait, and, clear that the ultimate reconciliation be- the plan being sound, will wait to purpose. tween labour and capital must come from Whatever the fate of the co-operative printheir union in co-operative societies, and he cipal in England, it is quite clear that it will accelerate the junction. Bread to keep suits France, which, indeed, is a great State life shall not be wanting, but the Lyonnese chiefly because in politics its people have workmen must find their ultimate relief in been struggling blindly for a century tothe accumulation of capital, had better form wards co-operation-fraternité their grandthemselves into societies of employers as fathers called it, when they killed Abel in well as labourers. There is a difficulty, he order that Cain and Seth might have clear suggests to the Minister of the Interior, in space to work lovingly together. The forming such societies under the present French can manage societies well, can make law as societies en commandite, i. e., with them yield the conjoined profits of labour limited liability. But there is no difficulty and of capital, and the Emperor in calling in forming co-partnerships anonymes, i. e. on the Lyonnese to work out that system with unlimited alility, at least no difficulty fully does but take the lead in the direction when I, Napoleon, have thus hinted to pre- to which the national genius is inclined, fects and other official personages that they does but articulately advise that which will refuse the needful signatures at their working France inarticulately desires. peril. Then capital is wanted. Ah, we will find that! earthly Providence can supply 12,000l. or so, or indeed any needful amount. With unlimited power of absorption given by statute to the sky, shall the cloud be wanting in moisture? Let the poor people have the cash needed and found societies, and being Frenchmen, with a God-given talent for organization, let them work those societies well, and so banish hunger out of the land.

One must be a Frenchman, and a French workman, and a French workman of Lyons, and a French workman of Lyons starving, to feel how that message would be received. In one and the same decree to be relieved, and relieved without the Christian but shameful formula of receiving alms, and to have one's dreams, one's hopeless dreams realized at a stroke, and to see that an Emperor shares one's intellectual convictions, it is more than relief, more than happiness, it is almost glory. There is not a workman in Lyons who would not consent to eat once in every two days, rather than cheat his comrades of their future by balking the Emperor's design. Hunger is hard, but with Utopia at hand hunger can be borne, or if not, there are tobacco and the brazier. Let the weavers but see clearly that the suggestion is honest, which it certainly is, and that the money will be forthcoming

Nobler work can no man have than such leadership, but then it is work which only a leader can do, and leadership is incommunicable. It is strange, almost melancholy, to see how perfectly the Emperor succeeds whenever success will do nothing towards the establishment of his dynasty, for which he chiefly cares. He made authority once more effective in France, he drove back Russia, be made Italy, he conquered Mexico, he gave Germany her grand impetus, he will rid earth of the Temporal Power, and he will perhaps yet make France the richest country on the Continent, and all these things will avail his son nothing. The ends which would avail him, the resurrection of Poland, the restored frontier of the Rhine, the suzerainty over Europe, the subjection of Rome to France, these things Napoleon cannot secure, and is therefore not a Founder, scarcely even a Government, but only a Cæsar, a man who reigns by virtue of qualities which he cannot transmit, or bequeath, or create. Chief and foremost among those qualities is the power of comprehending French aspirations as well as French needs, the future as well as the present, the ideal of the workman's brain as well as the pain in the workman's stomach, which this message to Lyons so marvellously displays.

No. 1175. Fourth Series, No. 36. 8 December, 1866.

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December. The Morn Shone Over my Left. If You Love Me, Why Can't you say so: writ ten and composed by J. Starr Holloway. Published by J. Starr Holloway, Philadelphia.

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Down by the pier when the sweet morn is blow- He is tóss'd to the shore! In a moment they ing,

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One moment of horror that melts into bliss: It is but the arms of his mother that clasp him, His sobs and his laughter are lost in her kiss.

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From the Dublin University Magazine.

THE HOLY LAND.

investigation into this sacred land by a recapitulation of the marvellous vicissitudes of its capital, Jerusalem.

There can be no doubt that the Mount Moriah, where Abraham would have sacrificed his son, is the same spot as the Moriah upon which Solomon built the Temple. "Then Solomon began to build the house of the Lord at Jerusalem in Mount Moriah," 2 Chron. iii. 1.* It is also probable that it is the same place as the Salem mentioned in Genesis xiv. 18, of which Melchizedek was king; for in Psalm lxxvi. 2, we read, “ In Salem also is his Tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Sion." Josephus calls Melchizedek King of Solyma, a name afterwards altered to Hierosolyma. But the first mention of the name Jerusalem occurs in Joshua x. 1, where Adoni-zedec is spoken of as

gathered from sacred and secular annals, the records of twenty-one invasions of this ancient city by hostile armies. The first attack was made upon her by the children of Judah, shortly after the death of Joshua. They fought against Jerusalem, took it, put it to the fire and sword (Judges i. 1-8); but they were unable to expel the Jebusites, nor were the children of Benjamin any more successful, but they both dwelt with the Jebusites in the city; the Jebusites being probably driven from the lower part to Mount Sion, where they remained until the time of David, who marched againt Jerusalem, drove them from Mount Zion, and called it the City of David.

NEARLY the entire history of the world might be written in that of two mighty Cities, whose destinies are yet unfinished, and whose vicissitudes have exerted an influence upon the interests of the Universe. The history of the Church as a great political power centres in Rome, but the history of the salvation of humanity centres in Jerusalem. The City of the Seven Hills yields in importance to her Jewish sister, for although Rome had a long career of ancient splendour, and is the cradle of modern civilization, yet the Holy City had an existence in the world seven hundred years before Romulus had ploughed out the trench line of the future Rome, three hundred before Eneas" King of Jerusalem." There are to be had landed at the Lavinian shores, or Troy had fallen to the Greeks, an historic existence five centuries before the hanging gardens of Babylon were built, when Grecian civilization had not yet dawned, and immigrations were still settling on her shores from Egypt, Phenicia, and Mysia. She takes precedence of Rome also in importance, for although Rome after being for ages the scene of a splendid life drama, the centre of universal power and the abode of a refined paganism, became the high place of modern Christianity, yet it was at Jerusalem the kings of the chosen people dwelt into whose hands were intrusted the oracles of that religion; it was at Jerusalem the Temple of the Most High was erected, whose presence invested the Holy of Holies with an awe from which even devastating Heathens often fled in terror; finally it was at Jerusalem that the foreshadowed one of all past history worked his father's will, and gave himself as a sacrifice for man. Outside the walls of that city, in whose streets he had often wandered, teaching the people, healing the sick, and in whose temple courts he had denounced the vices of those who profaned its holiness, did Jesus consummate his career. Rome, too, suffered many vicissitudes, but the vicissitudes of Jerusalem exceed those of any city recorded in history, and therefore she seems to stand out before us as the most prominent city in the world, interesting to all humanity, not only for the sacred scenes of her past magnificence and the unspeakable woe of her Fall, but for the Future, which is promised to her when her children, now scattered over the face of the earth, aliens, exiles, homeless, shall be once more gathered into her bosom.

We propose therefore to commence our

The Ark of the Covenant was conveyed there, an altar built, and Jerusalem became the imperial residence, the centre of the political and religious history of the Israelites. Its glory was enhanced by the labours of Solomon, but under his son Rehoboam, ten tribes revolted, so that Jerusalem became only the capital of Judah with whom the tribe of Benjamin alone remained faithful. During the reign of this king, Shishak, the Egyptian monarch, invaded the Holy City, and ransacked the Temple. Then about a hundred years rolled by when Amaziah was King of Judah, and Joash of Israel; the latter marched against Jerusalem, threw down the wall, and the Temple was once more rifled of its treasures. In the next century Manasseh the king was taken captive by the Assyrians to Babylon, but ultimately restored. In consequence of the strange intermeddling of Josiah, a few years later, when Pharao-necho, King of Egypt, was on his march, he was killed in battle,

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and the latter directed his army towards Jews, but was prevented from entering the Jerusalem, placed Eliakim on the throne city by the intercession of the High Priest by the name of Jehoiakim. The advance a scene which found its parallel in afterof this Egyptian king is confirmed by times, when the aged Leo went to the camp Herodotus.* Against Jehoiakim however of Attila, and by his entreaties diverted that came Nebuchadnezzar, who ravaged the semi-Christian barbarian from Rome. After city more than once, and after a siege of the death of Alexander, Ptolemy, King of two years, in the reign of Zedekiah burn- Egypt, surprised the Jews on their Sabbath ed it down, took all the sacred vessels to day, when he knew they would not fight; Babylon with the two remaining tribes (the he made an easy conquest and carried off other ten were already in captivity); and thousands of Jews into Egypt. now that the Temple was destroyed, the city in ruins, and the people all in bondage, it appeared as if the prediction of her prophets had already been accomplished. But a time of rejoicing was yet to come, and though the chosen people did writhe under Babylonish tyranny, and did hang their harps on the willows, there was still a prophet of hope amongst them in the person of Daniel. This was the time alluded to in that beautiful Psalm composed after their return, in allusion to an occasion when their persecutors had asked them tauntingly to sing one of their national songs for their amusement, the Hebrew words of which, if we may be allowed the expression, glitter

with tears:

"By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down,
Yea, we wept when we remembered Zion.
We hanged our harps upon the willows in the
midst thereof.

For there, they that carried us away captive re-
quired of us a song;

For a hundred years of comparative peace this fated city remained under the Ptolemies, when it fell into the hands of the Syrians. Antiochus Ephiphanes, their king, after his Egyptian campaigns, finding his treasure-chest nearly empty, bethought him of sacking the Temple at Jerusalem, marched his army upon the city, pillaged it, slew about forty thousand people, and sold as many more into slavery. He then endeavoured to exterminate the ceremonial; a pagan altar was set up and sacrifice made to Jupiter. The Maccabæan revolution broke out, and the city was ultimately recovered by the hero, Judas Maccabeus, when a new phase of priesthood was established, which we shall notice elsewhere. Things went on thus until about the year 60 B.C., when Pompey seized the city and massacred twelve thousand Jews in the Temple courts. Thus it fell into the hands of the Romans, against after the most terrible siege recorded in hiswhom it rebelled, and by whom ultimately tory, it was taken and subjected to violations over which the mind even now shudders; its Temple was ransacked, violated, and burned, its priests butchered, pagan rites were celebrated in its Holy Place, its maidens were ravished, its palaces burned down, an unrestrained carnage was carried on, Jews were crucified on crosses as long as trees could be found to make them, and when In the time of Cyrus their deliverance cold blood; nearly a million of Jews are the woods were exhausted they were slain in came; they were released from captivity, said to have fallen in this terrible conflict. and there was a mighty "going up" to For fifty years after there is no mention of Jerusalem when the Temple was rebuilt Jerusalem in history. They kept themand the sacred vessels which Nebuchadnez-selves quiet, watching eagerly and stealthily zar had taken away were restored; money, for an opportunity of throwing off the too, was given them, and the works after hated Roman yoke. About the year 131, being interrupted for a time by difficulties A.D., Adrian, to prevent any outbreak, were resumed under Darius Hystaspes and completed. Some time afterwards another large body of Jews came up to the Holy City with Ezra, and the capital was once more active with busy life and once more became glorious.

And they that wasted us required of us mirth,
Saying, sing us one of the songs of Zion.
How shall we sing the Lord's song
In a strange land?

If I forget thee, O Jerusalem,

Let my right hand forget her cunning.

If I do not remember thee,

Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth;
If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy."

Alexander the Great marched against the

*Herodotus Euterpe, 159. He also mentions a victory gained by him at Magdola.

The Jews

ordered the city to be fortified.
rebelled at once, but were so completely
crushed by the year 135, that this date has
final dispersion. The Holy City was then
always been accepted as that of their
bidden to enter into its walls under pain of
made a Roman colony, the Jews were for-
immediate death, the very name was altered
to the pagan one of Ælia Capitolina, a tem-

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