tation of a saint. The unrelenting patriarch refused to can-e nounce any means of atonement or any hopes of mercy; and condescended only to pronounce, that for so great ac crime, great indeed must be the satisfaction. "Do youvre-s quire," said Michael, “that I should abdicate the empire?" and at these words, he offered, or seemed to offer, the sword a of state.Arsenius eagerly grasped this pledge of sovereign, ty; but when he perceived that the emperor was unwilling to purchase absolution at so dear a rate, he indignantly escaped to his cell, and left the royal sinner kneeling and weeping before the door.24 reversq odw vyrolo bGs eunom

*

The danger and scandal of this excommunication subsisteda above three years, till the popular clamor was assauged by time and repentance; till the brethren of Arsenius condemned his inflexible spirit, so repugnant to the unbounded forgiveness of the gospel. The emperor had artfully insinuated, that, if he were still rejected at home, he might seek, in the Roman pontiff, a more indulgent judge; but it was fare more easy and effectual to find or to place that judged at the head of the Byzantine church. Arsenius was involved in a vague rumor of conspiracy and disaffection; some irregular steps in his ordination and government were liable to censure a synod deposed him from the episcopals office; and he was transported under a guard of soldiers to a small island of the Propontis. Before his exile, he sullenly requested that sa strict account might be taken of the treasures of the church boasted, that his sole riches, three pieces of gold, had been earned by transcribing the psalms; continued to assert the freedom of his mind; and denied, with his last breath, the pardon which was implored by the royal sinner.25 After

The crime and excommunication of Michael are fairly told by Pachymer (1. iii. e. 10, 14, 19, &c.) and Gregoras, (l. iv. c. 4.) His confession and penance restored their freedom.

25 Pachymer relates the exile of Arsenius, (l. iv. c. 1—16 :) he was one of the commissaries who visited him in the desert island. The last testament of the unforgiving patriarch h is still exta still extant, (Dupin," Bibliothèque Ecclésiastique, tom. x. p. 95.) 9is bus (08 oily J) aboold

Except the omission of a prayer for the emperor, the charges against Arsenius were of a different nature: he was accused of having allowed the sultan of Iconium to bathe in vessels signed with the cross, and vice. It and to have admitted him to the church, though unbaptized, diring was pleaded, in favor of Arsenius, among other proofs of the sultan's Christianity, that he had offered to eat ham. Pachymer, l. iv. c. 4, p. 265. It was after his exile that he was involved in a charge of coLspiracy. - A

some delay, Gregory, bishop of Adrianople, was translated to the Byzantine throne; but his authority was found insuffi cient to support the absolution of the emperor; and Joseph, a reverend monk, was substituted to that important function. This edifying scene was represented in the presence of the senate and the people; at the end of six years the humble penitent was restored to the communion of the faithful; and humanity will rejoice, that a milder treatment of the captive Lascaris was stipulated as a proof of his remorse. But the spirit of Arsenius still survived in a powerful faction of the monks and clergy, who persevered above forty-eight years in ans obstinate schism. Their scruples were treated with tenderness and respect by Michael and his son; and the reconciliation of the Arsenites was the serious labor of the church and state. In the confidence of fanaticism, they had proposed to try their cause by a miracle; and when the two papers, that contained their own and the adverse cause, were cast into a fiery brasier, they expected that the Catholic verity would be respected by the flames. Alas! the two papers were indiscriminately consumed, and this unforeseen accident produced the union of a day, and renewed the quarrel of an age.26 The final treaty displayed the victory of the Arsenites: the clergy abstained during forty days from all ecclesiastical functions; a slight penance was imposed on the laity; the body of Arsenius was deposited in the sanctuary; and, in the name of the departed saint, the prince and people were released from the sins of their fathers.2loa aid edit,botezu

The establishment of his family was the motive, or at least the pretence, of the crime of Palæologus; and he was impatient to confirm the succession, by sharing with his eldest son the honors of the purple. Andronicus, afterwards surnamed the Elder, was proclaimed and crowned emperor of the Ro

26

Pachymer (1. vii, c. 22) relates es this miraculous trial like a philosopher, and treats with similar contempt a plot of the Arsenites, to a revelation in coffin of some old saint, (I. vii. c. 13.) He Compensates this incredulity by an image that weeps, another that bleeds, (1. vii. c. 30,) and the miraculous cures of a deaf and a mute patient, (1. xi. c. 32.)

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27 The story of the Arsenites is spread through the thirteen books of Pachymer. Their union and triumph are reserved for Nicephorus Fregoras, (1. vii. c. 9,) who neither loves nor esteems these sectaries, dan dapon? dotas eds of mid baseinas iva ed to long ed A to noval mi babeelg Pachymer calls him Germanus.—MA 163 plas vaizd

mans, in the fifteenth year of his age; and, from the first æra of a prolix and inglorious reign. he held that august title nine years as the colleague, and fifty as the successor, of his father. Michael himself, had he died in a private station, would have been thought more worthy of the empire; and the assaults of his temporal and spiritual enemies left him few moments to labor for his own fame or the happiness of his subjecta He wrested from the Franks several of the noblest islands of the Archipelago, Lesbos, Chios, and Rhodes: his brother Constantine was sent to command in Malvasia and Sparta; and the eastern side of the Morea, from Argos and Napoli to Cape Tænarus, was repossessed by the Greeks. This effu sion of Christian blood was loudly condemned by the patriarch; and the insolent priest presumed to interpose his fears and scruples between the arms of princes. But in the prosecution of these western conquests, the countries beyond the Hellespont were left naked to the Turks, and their depredations verified the prophecy of a dying senator, that the recov ery of Constantinople would be the ruin of Asia. The victories of Michael were achieved by his lieutenants; his sword rusted in the palace; and, in the transactions of the emperor with the popes and the king of Naples, his political acts were stained with cruelty and fraud.28

I. The Vatican was the most natural refuge of a Latin emperor, who had been driven from his throne; and Pope Urban the Fourth appeared to pity the misfortunes, and vindicate the cause, of the fugitive Baldwin. A crusade, with plenary indulgence, was preached by his command against the schismatic Greeks: he he excommunicated their allies and adherents; solicited Louis the Ninth in favor of his kinsman; and demanded a tenth of the ecclesiastical revenues of France and England for the service of the holy war.29 The subtle

Greek, who watched the rising tempest of the West, attempted to suspend or soothe the hostility of the pope, by suppliant embassies and respectful letters; but he insinuated that the establishment of peace must prepare the reconciliation and

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18 Of the xiii. books of Pachymer, the first six (as the ivth and vth of Nicephorus Gregoras) contain the reign of Michael, at the time of whose death he was forty years of age. Instead of breaking, like his editor the Père Poussin, his history into two parts, I follow Ducange and Cousin, who number the xiii. books in one series.

29 Ducange Hist. de C. P 1. v. c. 33, &c., from the Epistles of Ur ban IV.

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obedience of the Eastern church. The Roman court could not be deceived by so gross an artifice; and Michael was admonished, that the repentance of the son should precede the forgiveness of the father; and that faith (an ambiguous word) was the only basis of friendship and alliance. After a long and affected delay, the approach of danger, and the importunity of Gregory the Tenth, compelled him to enter on a more serious negotiation: he alleged the example of the great Vataces; and the Greek clergy, who understood the intentions of their prince, were not alarmed by the first steps of reconciliation and respect. But when he pressed the conclusion of the treaty, they strenuously declared, that the Latins, though not in name, were heretics in fact, and that they despised those strangers as the vilest and most despicable por. tion of the human race.30 It was the task of the emperor to persuade, to corrupt, to intimidate the most popular ecclesiastics, to gain the vote of each individual, and alternately to urge the arguments of Christian charity and the public welfare. The texts of the fathers and the arms of the Franks were balanced in the theological and political scale; and without approving the addition to the Nicene creed, the most moderate were taught to confess, that the two hostile propositions of proceeding from the Father By the Son, and of proceeding from the Father AND the Son, might be reduced to a safe and Catholic sense. The supremacy of the pope was a doctrine more easy to conceive, but more painful to acknowledge; yet Michael represented to his monks and prelates, that they might submit to name the Roman bishop as the first of the patriarchs; and that their distance and discre tion would guard the liberties of the Eastern church from the mischievous consequences of the right of appeal. He protested that he would sacrifice his life and empire rather than yield the smallest point of orthodox faith or national inde pendence; and this declaration was sealed and ratified by a

30 From their mercantile intercourse with the Venetians and Geno. ese, they branded the Latins as κάπηλοι and βάναυσοι, (Pachymer, l. v c. 10.) "Some are heretics in name; others, like the Latins, in fact. said the learned Veccus, (1. v. c. 12,) who soon afterwards became a convert (c. 16, 16) and a patriarch, (c. 24.)

In this class we may place Pachymer himself, whose copious and candid narrative occupies the vth and vith books of his history. Yet the Greek is silent on the council of Lyons, and seems to believe that the popes always resided in Rome and Italy, (1. v. c. 17, 21.,

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golden bull The patriarch Joseph withdrew to a monastery to resign or resume his throne, according to the event of the treaty the letters of union and obedience were subscribed by the emperor, his son Andronicus, and thirty-five archbishops and metropolitans, with their respective synods; and the episcopal list was multiplied by many dioceses which were annihilated under the yoke of the infidels. An embassy was composed of some trusty ministers and prelates: they embarked for Italy, with rich ornaments and rare perfumes for the altar of St. Peter; and their secret orders authorized and recommended a boundless compliance. They were received in the general council of Lyons, by Pope Gregory the Tenth, at the head of five hundred bishops.32 He embraced with tears his long-lost and repentant children; ac cepted the oath of the ambassadors, who abjured the schism in the name of the two emperors; adorned the prelates with the ring and mitre; chanted in Greek and Latin the Nicene creed with the addition of filioque; and rejoiced in the union of the East and West, which had been reserved for his reign. To consummate this pious work, the Byzantine deputies were speedily followed by the pope's nuncios; and their instruction discloses the policy of the Vatican, which could not be. satisfied with the vain title of supremacy. After viewing the temper of the prince and people, they were enjoined to absolve the schismatic clergy, who should subscribe and swear their abjuration and obedience; to establish in all the churches the use of the perfect creed; to prepare the entrance of a cardinal legate, with the full powers and dignity of his office; and to instruct the emperor in the advantages which he might derive from the temporal protection of the Roman pontiff 33 29listose viliog odt tødt boruzes grew vedT

But they found a country without a friend, a nation in which the names of Rome and Union were pronounced with abhorrence. The patriarch Joseph was indeed removed; his place was filled by Veccus, an ecclesiastic of learning and moderation; and the emperor was still urged by the same

See the acts of the council of Lyons in the year 1274. Fleury. © Hist. Ecclésiastique, tom. xviii. p. 181–199. © Dupin, Bibliot. Ecolés tom. x. p. 135.00

This curious instruction, which has been drawn with more or less honesty by Wading and Leo Allatius from the archives of the Vatica can, is given it: an abstract or version by Fleury, (tom. xvii. p. 252 -268) late side beristriar errefa bed op