against Mengo Timour, the aird of the khans of Kipzak; obtained in marriage Maria, the natural daughter of Palæ ologus; and guarded the dominions of his friend and fatherThe subsequent invasions of a Scythian cast were those of outlaws and fugitives: and some thousands of Alani and Coinans, who had been driven from their native seats, were rem claimed from a vagrant life, and enlisted in the service of the empire. Such was the influence in Europe of the invasion of the Moguls. The first terror of their arms secured, rather than disturbed, the peace of the Roman Asia. The sultar of Iconium solicited a personal interview with John Vataces and his artful policy encouraged the Turks to defend their barrier against the common enemy.36 That barrierbindeed was soon overthrown; and the servitude and ruin of the Sell[ jukians exposed the nakedness of the Greeks. The formida ble Holagou threatened to march to Constantinople at the head of four hundred thousand men; and the groundless panic of the citizens of Nice will present an image of the terro which he had inspired. The accident of a procession, and the sound of a doleful ditany, "From the fury of the Tartars, good Lord, deliver us," had scattered the hasty report of an assault cand massacre. In the blind credulity of fear, the streets of Nice were crowded with thousands of both sexes, 1 who knew not from what or to whom they fled; and some: hours elapsedo before the firmness of the military officers could relieve the city from this imaginary foe. But the ambie tion of Holagou and his successors was fortunately diverted by the conquest of Bagdad, and a long vicissitude of Syrian wars; their hostility to the Moslems inclined them to unites with the Greeks and Franks; 37 and their generosity or con tempt had offered the kingdom of Anatolia as the reward of an Armenian vassal. The fragments of the Seljukian mon. archy were disputed by the emirs who had occupied the cities or the mountains, but they all confessed the supremacy of the khans of Persia; and he often interposed his authority and sometimes his arms, to check their depredations, and to preserve the peace and balance of his Turkish frontier. The

36 G. Acropolita, p. 36, 37. Nicar

V

Greg. 1. ii. e. 6, 1. iv. c. 5. À'Ɑ bua Abalpharagius, who wrote in the year 1284, declares that the Moguls, since the fabulous defeat of Batou, had not attacked either the Franks or Greeks; and of this he is a competent witness. ton likewise, the Armenian prines celebrates their friendship for him. lf and nis nation.

Kay.

death of Cazan,38 one of the greatest and most accomplished princes of the house of Zingis, removed this salutary control and the decline of the Moguls gave a free scope to the rise the rise and progress of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE.39

After the retreat of Zingis, the sultan Gelaleddin of Carizme had returned from Indian to the possession and defence of this Persian kingdoms. In the space of eleven years, that hero fought in person fourteen battles; and such was his ac tivity, that he led his cavalry in seventeen days from Teflis to Kerman, a march of a thousand miles. Yet he was opressed by the jealousy of the Moslem princes, and the innunerable armies of the Moguls; and after his last defeat, Gelaleddin perished ignobly in the mountains of Curdistan. His death dissolved a veteran and adventurous army, which included under the name of Carizmians or Corasmins many Turkman hordes, that had attached themselves to the sultan's fortune. The bolder and more powerful chiefs invaded Syria, and violated the holy sepulchre of Jerusalem : the more humble engaged in the service of Aladin, sultan of Iconium; and among these were the obscure fathers of the Ottoman line. They had formerly pitched their tents near the southern banks of the Oxus, in the plains of Mahan and Nesa, and it is somewhat remarkable, that the sa same spot should have produced the first authors of the Parthian and Turkish empires. At the head, or in the rear, of a Carizmian army, Soliman Shah was drowned in the passage of the Eu phrates his son Orthogrul became the soldier and subject of Aladin, and established at Surgut, on the banks of the Sangar, ascamp of four hundred families or tents, whom he governed fifty-two years both in peace and war. He was the father of Thaman, or Athman, whose Turkish name has been melted shom usiimiled ad

38 Pachymer gives a splendid character of Cazan Khan, the rival of Cyrus and Alexander, (1. xii. c. 1.) In the conclusion of his history (b xiii. c. 36) he hopes much from the arrival of 30,000 Tochars, or Tartars, were ordered by the successor of Cazan to restrain the

Turks of nia, A. D. 1308.

The origin of the Ottoman dynasty is illustrated by the critical learning of MM. De Guignes (Hist. des Huns, tom. iv. p. 329-337) and D'Anville, (Empire Turc, p. 14-22,) two inhabitants of Paris, from whom the Orientals may learn the history and geography of their own country. Ended to womb cofudet et norde aforgott bad dearb) to edoort

They may be still more enlightened by the Geschichte des Osman lachen Reiches, by M. von Hømme Purgstall of Vienna. — M.

see passes

into the appellation of the caliph Othman; and if we describe that pastoral chief as a shepherd and a robber, we must sep. arate from these characters all idea of ignominy and baseness. Othman possessed, and perhaps surpassed, the ordinary vir tues of a soldier; and the circumstances of time and place were propitious to his independence and success. The Seljukian dynasty was no more; and the distance and decline of the Mogul khans soon enfranchised him from the control of a superior. He was situate on the verge of the Greek empire the Koran sanctified his gazi, or holy war, against the infidels; and their political errors unlocked of Mount Olympus, and invited him to descend into the plains of Bithynia. Till the reign of Palæologus, these passes had been vigilantly guarded by the militia of the country, who were repaid by their own safety and an exemption from taxes. The emperor abolished their privilege and assumed their office; but the tribute was rigorously collected, the custody of the passes was neglected, and the hardy mountaineers degenerated into a trembling crowd of peasants without spirit or discipline. It was on the twenty-seventh of July, in the year twelve hundred and ninety-nine of the 11 DROW

that Othman first invaded the territory of Næra,

40 and

the singular accuracy of the date seems to disclose e some foresight of the rapid and destructive growth of the monster The annals of the twenty-seven years of his reign would exhibit a repetition of the same inroads; and his hereditary troops were multiplied in each campaign by the accession of. captives and volunteers. Instead of retreating to the hills, he maintained the most useful and defensive posts; fortified the towns and castles which he had first pillaged; and renounced the pastoralalifell for the baths and palaces of his infant capitals. But it was not till Othman was oppressed by age and infirmities, that he received the welcome news o the conquest of Prusa, which had been surrendered by famine or treachery to the arms of his son Orchan. The glory of Othman is chiefly founded on that of his descendants; but the Turks have transcribed or composed å royal testament of his last counsels of justice and moderation.41 asta esil to gor

of

To sponclemusto si snad std lo egií sp) mott betefen ouw bootynia Vrodziah Hafod 325ies

40 See Pachymer, 1. x. c. 25, 26, 1. xiii. c. 33, 34, 36; and concerning the guard of the mountains, 1. i. c. 3-6; Nicephorus Gregoras, 1. vii. c. 1, and the first book of Laonicus Chalcondyles, the Athenian. 41 an ignorant whether the Turks have any writers older than

SexFrom the conquest of Prusa, we may date the true æra of the Ottoman empire. The lives and possessions of the Christian subjects were redeemed by a tribute or ranson of thirty thousand crowns of gold; and the city, by the labors of Orchan, assumed the aspect of a Mahometan capital; Prusa was decorated with a mosque, a college, and a hospital, of royal foundation; the Seljukian coin was changed for the name and impression of the new dynasty: and the most skilful professors, of human and divine knowledge, attracted the Persian and Arabian students from the ancient schools of Oriental learning. The office of vizier was instituted for

Mahomet II.,* nor can I reach beyond a meagre chronicle (Annales Turcici ad Annum 1550) translated by John Gaudier, and published by Leunclavius, (ad calcem Laonic. Chalcond. p. 311—350,) with copious pandects, or commentaries. The history of the Growth and Decay (A. D. 1300-1683) of the Othman empire was translated into English from the Latin MS. o of Demetrius Cantemir, prince of Moldavia, (London, 1734, in folio.) The author is guilty of strange Sblunders in Oriental history; but he was conversant with the language, the annals, and institutions of the Turks. Cantemir partly draws his materials from the Synopsis of Saadi Effendi of Larissa, dedicated in the year 1693 to Sultan Mustapha, and a valuable abridgment of the original historians. In one of the Ramblers, Dr. Johnson praises Knolles (a General History of the Turks to the presbert Year.London, 1603) as the first of historians, unhappy only in the choice of his subject. Yet I much doubt whether a partial and verbose compilation from Latin writers, thirteen hundred folio pages of speeches and battles, can either instruct or amuse an enlightened age, which requires from the historian some tincture of philosophy and criticism.ca vienotsb bus lutowy taom ont bodisiniem ed -es bus ;benellig sein bad si doidwesitans bus adwot sắt 31* We could have wished that M. von Hammer had given a more clear and distinct reply to this question of Gibbon. In a note, vol. i. p. 630, M. von Hammer shows that they had not only sheiks (religious writers) and learned lawyers, but poets and authors on medicine. But the inquiry ot Gibbon obviously refers to historians. The oldest of their historical works, of which V. Hammer makes use, is the "Tarichi Aaschik Paschasade, .e. the History of the Great Grandson of Aaschik Pasha, who was a dervis and celebrated ascetic poet in the reign of Murad (Amurath) I Ahmed, the author of the

he says, derived much into work, lived during the reign of Bajazet II., but,

from the book of Scheik Jachshi, the son of Elias, who was Imaum to Sultan Orchan, (the second Ottoman king,) and who related, from the lips of his father, the circumstances of the earliest Ottoman history. This book (having searched for it in vain for five-and-twenty years) our author found at length in the Vatican. Al the ather Turkish histories on his list, as indeed this, were written during the

earlier authorities of equal value with that claimed by the "Tarichi Aas chik Paschasade.”— M. (in Quarterly Review, vol. xlix. p. 292.)

Aladin, the brother of Orchan, and a different habit dia tinguished the citizens from the peasants, the Moslems from the infidels. All the troops of Othman had consisted of loose squadrons of Turkman cavalry; who served without pay and fought without discipline: but a regular body of infantry was first established and trained by the prudence of his songars great number of volunteers was enrolled with a small stipend, but with the permission of living at home, unless they were summoned to the field their rude manners, and seditious temper, disposed Orchan to educate his young captives as his soldiers and those of the prophet; but the Turkish peas ants were still allowed to mount on horseback, and follow his standard, with the appellation and the hopes of freebooters.t By these arts he formed an army of twenty-five thousand Moslems: a train of battering engines was framed for the use of sieges; and the first successful experiment was made on the cities of Nice and Nicomedia. Orchan granted a safe-conduct to all who were desirous of departing with their families and effects; but the widows of the slain were given in marriage to the conquerors; and the sacrilegious plunder, the books, the vases, and the images, were sold or ransomed at Constantinople. The emperor Andronicus the Younger was vanquished and wounded by the son of Oth man: 42 he subdued the whole province or kingdom of Bithynia, as far as the shores of the Bosphorus and Hellespont; and the Christians confessed the justice and clemency of a reign which claimed the voluntary attachment of the e Turks of Asia. Yet Orchan was content with the modest title of emir; and in the list of his compeers, the princes of Roum or Anatolia,43 his military forces were surpassed by the

42 Cantacuzene, though he relates the battle and heroic flight of the younger Andronicus, (1. ii. c. 6, 7, the loss of Prusa, Nice, Nicomedia, assembles by his silence. which are fairly confessed by Nicephorus Gregoras, (1. vii. 10, 11, 9, 13, xi. 6.). Il appears that Nice was taken by Orchan in 1330, and Nicomedia in 1339, which are somewhat different from the Turkish dates.

43 The partition of the Turkish emirs is extracted from two contemporaries, the Greek Nicephorus Gregoras (1. vii. 1) and the Ar bian Marakeschi, (De Guignes, tom. ii. P. ii. p. 76, 77.) See likewise the first book of Laonicus Chalcondyles. &ine gialuoding sxom bra meng cis ellogooox of modalesina upit 818-609

Von Hammer, Osm. Geschichte, vol. i. p:482~~~ M. lo essent has 207 +Ibid. p. 91Marom od bluow di sqedte%

For the conquests of Orchan aver che tens pachaliks, or kingdoms of the Seljukians, in Asia Minor, see V Hammer, vol. i. p 112. M.