ment, iii. 222. Origin of the Merovingian race of their kings, 428. How
converted to Christianity, 543. Reign of their king Clovis, 68. Final
establishment of the French monarchy in Gaul, 587, 588. Their laws,
590, note M. Their object rapine, not the occupation and division of
conquered lands, 598. M. Sismondi's account of them, 598, note M
Give the name of France to their conquests in Gaul, 604. They degen
erate into a state of anarchy, 610. They invade Italy, iv. 175, 276.
Their military character, v. 373.
Fravita, the Goth, his character, and deadly quarrel with his countryma
Prialf, iii. 71. His operations against Gainas, 337.
Frederic 1., emperor of Germany, his tyranny in Italy, v. 67. Von Rau-
mer's History of the House of Swabia, 67, note M. Engages in the
third crusade, vi. 4. His disastrous expedition, 7, 10. Sacrifices Ar-
nold of Brescia to the pope, 433. His reply to the Roman ambassadors.
444.
II. is driven out of Italy, v. 67. His disputes with the pope, and
reluctant crusade, vi. 38, 39. Exhorts the European princes to unite in
opposing the Tartars, 219.
III., the last emperor crowned at Rome, vi. 505.
Freemen of Laconia, account of, v. 344.
Fritigern, the Gothic chief, extricates himself from the hands of Lupicinus,
governor of Thrace, iii. 37. Defeats him, 38. Battle of Salices, 41.
His strength recruited by the accession of new tribes, 42. Negotiates
with Valens, 48. Battle of Hadrianople, 49. The union of the Gothic
tribes broken by his death, 63.
Freedmen, among the Romans, their rank in society, iv. 340.
Frumentius was the first Christian missionary in Abyssinia, ii. 276.
Fulk of Neuilly, his ardor in preaching the fourth crusade, vi. 60.
Gabinius, king of the Quadi, is treacherously murdered by Marcellinus,
governor of Valeria, ii. 588.
Gaian, his disciples at Alexandria, iv. 557.
Gaillard, M., character of his Histoire de Charlemagne, v. 44, note.
Gainas, the Goth, is commissioned by Stilicho to execute his revenge on
Rufinus, præfect of the East, iii. 177. His conduct in the war against
the revolter Tribigild, 333. Joins him, 336. His flight and death, 339.
Gaius, Institutes of, newly recovered, iv. 331, note M.
Gala, probable derivation of the term, v. 357, note.
Galata, suburb of Constantinople, assigned to the Geonese, vi. 195.
Galerius is associated in the administration, as Cæsar, by the emperor
Diocletian, i. 406. Is defeated by the Persians, 423. Surprises and
overthrows Narses, 425. Assumes the title of Augustus, on the abdica-
tion of Diocletian, 451. His jealousy of Constantine, 456. Deems it
prudent to acknowledge him Cæsar, 458. His unsuccessful invasion of
Italy, 463. Invests Licinius with the purple on the death of Severus,
466. His death, 469. From what causes he entertained an aversion to
the Christians, ii. 60. Obtains the countenance of Diocletian for perse
cuting them, 62. Publishes an edict of toleration just before his death,
75, 76, note M.
Galilæans, twofold application of that name in the infancy of Christianity,
ii. 21. Conjecture as to Tacitus having confounded the two sects, 22,
Refutation of the same, 22, notes G. and M. Why the emperor Julian
applied this name to the Christians, 441.
Galleys of the Greek empire described, v. 365.
Gallienus, son of the emperor Valerian, is associated by him in the Impe
rial throne, i. 298. Prohibits the senators from exercising military
employments, 304. Character of his administration after the captivity
of his father, 320. Names Claudius for his successor, 332. Favored the
Christians, ii. 52.
Gallus elected emperor, on the minority of Hostilianus, the son of Decius,
i. 295.
nephew of Constantine the Great, his education, ii. 203, note G.
Is invested with the title of Cæsar, 204. His cruelty and imprudence,
204, 205. His disgrace and death, 208. Embraced the doctrine, but
neglected the duties, of Christianity, 411. Converts the grove of Daphne,
at Antioch, to a Christian burial-place, 448.
Games, public, of the Romans, described, i. 224, iii. 263. Account of the
factions of the Circus, ii. 56. Of the hippodrome at Constantinople, 57
Ganges, source of that river, vi. 257, note M.
Gaudentius, the notary, condemned to death under Julian, ii. 400.
Gaul, the province of, described, i. 22. The power of the Druids suppressed
there by Tiberius and Claudius, 38. Cities in, 61. Amount of the trib-
ute paid by this province to Rome, 187. Is defended against the Franks
by Posthumus, 300, 301. Succession of usurpers there, 348. Invasion,
of, by the Lygians, 379. Revolt of the Bagaudæ suppressed by Max-
imian, 407. Progress of Christianity there, 580, 581. Proportion of
the capitation tax levied there by the Roman emperors, ii. 145. Is
invaded by the Germans, 231. The government of, assigned to Julian,
233. His civil administration, 244. Is invaded by the Alemanni, in the
reign of Valentinian, 555. And of Gratian, iii. 44. Destruction of idols
and temples there, by Martin, bishop of Tours, 141. Is overrun by the
barbarous troops of Radagaisus, after his defeat by Stilicho, 222. Is
settled by the Goths, Burgundians, and Franks, 313. Assembly of the
seven provinces in, 320. Reign of Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, in,
425. Origin of the Merovingian race of kings of the Franks in, 428.
Invasion of, by Attila, king of the Huns, 433, 435. Battle of Chalons,
440. Revolutions of, on the death of the emperor Majorian, 498. Con-
version of, to Christianity by the Franks, 543, 573. Representation of the
advantages it enjoyed under the Roman government, 566. Conquests
and prosperity of Euric, king of the Visigoths, 567. Character and
reign of Clovis, 568. The Alemanni conquered, 572. Submission of the
Armoricans, and the Roman troops, 576. Final establishment of the
French monarchy in Gaul, 587. History of the Salic laws, 590. The
lands of, how claimed and divided by the Barbarian conquerors of, 598.
Domain and benefices of the Merovingian princes, 599, 600. Allodial
and Salic lands, 600. Females not to inherit, 601, note M. Usurpations
of the Seniors, 601. Privileges of the Romans in, 608.
Gedrosia, revolutions of the sea-coast of, i. 239, note.
Gelalæan æra of the Turks when settled, v. 522.
Gelasius, pope, his zeal against the celebration of the feast of Lupercalia
iii. 492. Deplores the miserable decay of Italy, 518.
II., his rough treatment by Cencio Frangipani, vi. 427.
Gelimer deposes Hilderic, the Vandal king of Africa, and usurps the gov
ernment, iv. 114. Is defeated by Belisarius, 127. His final defeat, 131
132. His distressful flight, 132, 135. Surrenders himself to Belisarius
137, 138. Graces his triumph, 138. His peaceful retirement, 140.
General of the Roman army, his extensive power, i. 76.
Generosity, Arabian, striking instances of, v. 91.
Gennadius, the monk, his denunciation against a Greek union with the
Latin church, vi. 386. His duplicity, 386, note.
Gennerid, the Roman general, under the emperor Honorius, his character,
iii. 274.
Genoese, their mercantile establishment in the suburb of Pera at Constan-
tinople, vi. 195. Their war with the emperor Cantacuzenus, 198.
Genseric, king of the Vandals in Spain, his character, iii. 370. Goes over
to Africa on the invitation of Count Boniface, 371. His successes there
by the assistance of the Donatists, 373. Devastation cJ Africa by his
troops, 375. Besieges Boniface in Hippo Regius, 376. His treacherous
surprisal of Carthage, 380. Strengthens himself by an alliance with
Attila, king of the Huns, 394. His brutal treatment of his son's wife,
daughter of Theodoric, 427. Raises a naval force and invades Italy,
459. His sack of Rome, 463. Destroys the fleet of Majorian, 482. His
naval depredations in Italy, 486. His claims on the Eastern empire.
487. Destroys the Roman fleet under Basiliscus, 497. Was an Arian,
and persecuted his Catholic subjects, 548.
Gentleman, etymology of the term, v. 562, note.
Geoponics of the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, account of, v.
337.
George of Cappadocia supersedes Anastasius in the see of Alexandria, ii.
348. His scandalous history, and tragical death, 349, 350, note M. Be
comes the tutelar saint of England, 454, vide note M.
Gepidæ, Ardaric, king of the, iii. 392. Their encroachments on the East-
ern empire checked by the Lombards, iv. 192. Are reduced by them,
391.
Gergovia, besieged by Julius Cæsar, iii. 604.
Germanus, nephew of the emperor Justinian, his character and promo-
tion to the command of the army sent to Italy, iv. 266. His death, 267.
Germany, the rude institutions of, the basis of the original principles of
European laws and manners, i. 249, 250, note M. Its ancient extent,
251. Climate of, 252, 253, note M., note G. How peopled, 255. The
natives unacquainted with letters in the time of Tacitus, 257. Luden
and Guizot's remarks on, 257, note M. Had no cities, 258. Manners of
the ancient Germans, 260. Population, 262. State of liberty among
them, 263. Authority of their magistrates, 265. Conjugal faith and
chastity, 267. Their religion, 269. Their bards, 272, note G. Collection
of their national songs, 272, note M. Arms and discipline, 272, 273.
Their feuds, 374. General idea of the German tribes, 277. Probus
carries the Roman arms into Germany, 380. A frontier wall built by
Probus, from the Rhine to the Danube, 381. Invasions of Gaul by the
Germans, ii. 231, 553. State of, under the emperor Charlemagne, v. 49.
The imperial crown established in the name and nation of Germany, by
the first Otho, 55. Division of, among independent princes, 68. For-
mation of the Germanic constitution, 69. State assumed by the em-
peror, 72.
Gerontius, count, sets up Maximus as emperor in Spain, iii. 302. Be-
heads his friend and his wife at their own entreaties, and commits
suicide, 303.
Geta and Caracalla, sons of the emperor Severus, their fixed antipathy
to each other, i. 151.
Ghebers of Persia, history of, v. 265, 270.
Ghibelines and Guelphs, disputes of the, v. 67, vi. 426.
Gibraltar, rock of, iii. 311. Derivation of the
Gildo the Moor, his revolt in Africa, il. 180. His defeat and death, 185.
Giraffe, the camelopardalis, i. 113, notes.
Gladiators, desperate enterprise and fate of a party of, reserved for th
triumph of Probus, i. 386. The combats of, abolished by the emperor
Honorius, iii. 209.
Glycerius is made emperor of Rome, iii, 507. Exchanges the sceptre for
the bishopric of Salona, 507. Murders Julius Nepos, and is made arch-
bishop of Milan, 508.
Gnostics, character and account of the sect of, i. 518, 519. Principal sects
into which they are divided, 521, note M. Their peculiar tenets, 520,
521, note, also note M., 549, note M. ii. 308, notes G. iv. 492.
Godfrey of Bouillon, his character and engagement in the first crusade,
v. 558. His route to Constantinople, 564, 568. Rejects the title of king
of Jerusalem, 495. Compiles the Assise of Jerusalem, 600. Form of
his administration, 601, et seq.
Gog and Magog, the famous rampart of, described, iv. 103, note.
Huns suspected to be the scriptural, v. 410.
Goisvintha, wife of Leovigild, king of Spain, her pious cruelty to the
princess Ingundis, iii. 559.
Gold of affliction, the tax so denominated in the Eastern empire, abolished
by the emperor Anastasius, iv. 73, 74, note M.
Golden Horn, why the Bosphorus obtained this appellation in remote an-
tiquity, ii. 89.
Gordian, proconsul of Africa, his character and elevation to the empire of
Rome, i. 204. His son associates with him in the Imperial diguity, 205.
the third and youngest, declared Cæsar, i. 210. Is declared
emperor by the army, on the murder of Maximus and Balbinus, 219,
notes G. and M. Philip orders his execution, and succeeds him, 223.
Certain discrepancies explained, 223, note M.
Gothini, the, not to be confounded with Goths, i. 255, note M.
Goths of Scandinavia, their origin, i. 281. Their religion, 282. The Goths
and Vandals supposed to be originally one great people, 285. Improba-
bility of this opinion, 286, note M. Their emigrations to Prussia and the
Ukraine, 286, 287. They invade the Roman provinces, 289. They re-
ceive tribute from the Romans, 295. They subdue the Bosphorus, 311.
Plunder the cities of Bithynia, 309. They ravage Greece, 312. Conclude
a treaty with the emperor Aurelian, 341. They invade Illyricum, and
are chastised by Constantine the Great, 496. Medal commemorative
thereof, 496, note M. Their war with the Sarmatians, ii. 169.
again routed by Constantine, 170, note M. Gothic war under the em-
perors. Valentinian and Valens, iii. 25, 26. Are defeated by the Huns,
28. They implore the protection of the emperor Valens, 30. They are
received into the empire, 32, They are oppressed by the Roman gov
ernors to Thrace, 34. Are provoked to hostilities, and defeat Lupicinus,
36, 37. They ravage Thrace, 38. Battle of Salices, 41, 42. They are
strengthened by fresh swarms of their countrymen, 42. Battle of Ha-
drianople, 49. Scour the country from liad:ianople to Constantinople,
53. Massacre of the Gothic youth in Asia, 55. Their formidable union
oroken by the death of Fritigern, £3. Death and funeral of Athanaric,
55. Invasion and defeat of the Ostrogoths, 66. Are settled in Thrace
by Theodosius, 68. Their hostile sentiments, 70. Revolt of, in the
reign of Honorius, iii. 190. Tney ravage Greece, under the command
of Alaric, 192. They invade Italy, 99. The sack of Rome by, 281.
Death of Alaric, 294. Victories of Wallia in Spain, 311. They are
settled in Aquitain, 312. See Gaul and Theodoric. Conquests of
the Visigoth in Gaul and Spain, 498. How the Goths were converted
to the Christian religion, 541, 542, note M. Reign of Theodoric, king
of the Ostrogotas, iv. 1, 2, note M. The Goths in Italy extinguished,
278, 273.
Gaverament, civil, the origin of, i. 264.
Governors of provinces under the emperors, their great power and influ-
ence, ii. 124, 125.
Gratian was the first emperor who refused the pontifical robe, ii 367, note.
Marries the princess Constantia, and succeeds to the empire, 592. De-
feats the Alemanni in Gaul, iii. 44. Invests Theodosius with the em-
pire of the East, 57. His character and conduct, 72. His flight from
Maximus, and death, 76, 77. Overthrew the ecclesiastical establish-
Greece is ravaged by the Goths, i. 312. Is overrun by Alaric the Goth,
iii. 192. Is reduced by the Turks, vi. 413, 414.
Greek church, origin of the schism of, vi. 48, 321, 344.
empire. See Constantinople.
Greeks, why averse to the Roman language and manners, i. 46. The
Greek becomes a scientific language among the Romans, 46, note M
Character of the Greek language of Constantinople, vi. 324. When first
taught in Italy, 230.
Greek learning, revival of, in Italy, vi. 327, 328.
Gregory the Great, pope, his pious presents to Recared, king of Spain, ill
562. Exhorts Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, to propagate the
Nicene faith, 562. His enmity to the venerable buildings and learning
of Rome, iv. 418. His birth, and early profession, 419. His elevation
to the pontificate, 421. Sends a mission to convert the Britons, 422
Sanctifies the usurpation of the emperor Phocas, 453.
II, pope, his epistles to Leo III., emperor of Constantinople, iv.
16, 17. Revolts against the Greek emperor, 19.
the empero pope, his ambitious schemes, iv. 61, 62. His contest with
e emperor Henry III., v. 477. Character of, 477, note M. His retreat
to Salerno, vi. 426.
præfect of Africa, history of him and his daughter, v. 237,
Nazianzen, his lamentation on the disgraceful discord among
Christians, ii. 363. Loads the memory of the emperor Julian with in-
vective, 405, note. Censures Constantius for having spared his life, 420,
Is presented to the wretched see of Sasima, by his friend Arch-
bishop Basil, iii. 83. His mission to Constantinople, 84. Is placed on
the archiepiscopal throne by Theodosius, 87. His resignation and char-
cter, 90, 91.
Grumbates, king of the Chionites, attends Sapor, king of Persia, in his
invasion of Mesopotamia, ii. 225. Loses his son at the siege of Amida,
226. Returns home in grief, 228.
Guardianship, how vested and exercised, according to the Roman civil
laws, iy, 353, 354,
Gubazes, king of Colchos, his alliance with Chosroes, king of Persia, iv.
232. Returns to his former connection with the emperor Justinian, 233.
Is treacherously killed, 236. Judicial inquiry respecting, 237, note M.
Guelphs and Ghibelines, the parties of, in Italy, v. 67, vi. 426.
Guilt, the degrees of, in the penal laws of the Romans, iv. 376, 377.
Guiscard, Robert, his birth and character, v. 457. Acquires the dukedom
of Apulia, 459. His Italian conquests, 461. Besieges Durazzo, 469.
Defeats the Greek emperor Alexius there, 473, 474. Engages in the
cause of Pope Gregory VII., 478. His second expedition to Greece, and
death, 480, 481.
Guizot, M., his French edition of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire, vide preface by Mr. Milman, vol. i. p. iv.xi. His valuable notes
are given in the present edition of the history passim, and marked G.,
vide preface, p. xxi.
Gundobald, king of the Burgundians, is reduced by Clovis, king of the
Franks, iii. 578. His mode of justifying the judicial combat, 496.
Gunpowder, the invention and use of, vi. 288, 289, note M.
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, his character, vi. 24. Is defeated
and taken prisoner by Saladin, 25.
Gyarus, a small island in the Egean Sea, an instance of its poverty, i. 188.
Hadrian, emperor, raises a rampart of earth between Carlisle and New-
castle, i. 5, note M. Relinquishes the eastern conquests of Trajan, 8.
Their characters compared, 8. His character contrasted with that of
Antoninus Pius, 9. His several adoptions of successors, 92. Founds
the city of Elia Capitolina on Mount Sion, 515. Reforms the laws of
Rome in the perpetual edict, iv. 312, 313, note W.
Hadrianople, battle of, between Constantine the Great and Licinius, i
499. Is ineffectually besieged by Fritigern the Goth,
iii. 39. Battle of
between the emperor Valens and the Goths, 49. 8500
Hakem, caliph of the Saracens, assumes a divine character to supplant
the Mahometan faith, v. 531, 532. Errors respecting, 531, 682, note M.
Hamadanites, the Saracen dynasty of, in Mesopotamia, v. 328, 329.
Hannibal, review of the state of Rome when he besieged that city, iii. 244.
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