PAST DEFINITE.-Had he good clothes? Had they good shoes? soulier m. habit m. PAST ANTERIOR.-Had I had a large house*? Had he had a grand maison f. Had they had any patterns? échantillon m. FUTURE.-Shall I have a holiday? Shall we have congé m. FUTURE ANTERIOR.-Will he have had hatred? Will they have haine f. had contempt? Will those teachers have had indulgence? précepteur f. mépris m. CONDITIONAL PRESENT. -Should I have a gun? Should we have pistols ? pistolet m. fusil m. CONDITIONAL PAST.-Wouldst thou have had jewels? Would you bijou m. have had diamonds? diamant m. The verb avoir used interrogatively with a negation. 160. In negative interrogative sentences the preposition de, either with or without the article le, la, or les, is used before the substantive, according to the partitive or negative sense we wish to convey; as, N'a-t-il pas de l'esprit, du courage? N'a-t-il pas d'argent? Has he not some wit, some courage? 161. Sometimes the interrogative form is used figuratively, to express an affirmation with emphasis; as, Comment pouvez-vous être si triste? How can you be so dull? Have you not books! How can he be poor? Has he not money! In these, and all similar instances, the partitive article du, de la, de l', or des, must be used with the substantive. * Voyez la note, page 97. Exercise. INDICATIVE PRESENT.-Have I no resources? Have we not ressource f. acquaintances? Have they no messages to give him? connaissance f. commission à donner lui (90.) PAST INDEFINITE.-Hast thou not had news? Have you not had PAST definite. Hadst thou not inattentive children? Had you [The past anterior of avoir is seldom used interrogatively with a negation.] FUTURE.-Shall I not have rest? Shall we not have toys? repos m. joujou m. neuf gant m. Will they not have new gloves? FUTURE ANTERIOR.-Will not those ladies have had fashionable (150.) dresses? Will they not have had the account? robe 1 mémoire m. à la mode 2 CONDITIONAL PRESENT.- -Would they not have Italian music? italien musique f. CONDITIONAL PAST.—Should we not have had good neighbours? voisin m. Exercise on the verb être. (Negative and interrogative sentences will henceforth be intermixed.) INDICATIVE PRESENT.-I am not obedient. Thou art not prodigal. He is not pleased. Is your friend here? Are we assiduous? content (150.) ici assidu (56.) Are you unhappy? Are they thoughtful? Are those gentlemen malheureux pensif in Paris? Are your sisters at home? (150.) PAST INDEFINITE.-I have not been zealous. Thou hast not been prêt zélé insouciant punctual. She has not been ready. We have not been careless. ponctuel You have not been steady. Those girls have been to school. Have à l'école posé (150.) they been to school? Have those children been to school? Have f. they not been to school? IMPERFECT. I was ambitious. Thou wast hasty. Was that man proud? We were modest and reserved. You were not courageous. modeste PLUPERFECT. I had been just. Thou hadst been very happy. He had not been attentive. We had not been quiet. attentif been passionate? Had your cousins been in Italy? PAST DEFINITE.--I was angry. Thou wast industrious. He was little boys were very joyful. Were they not astonished? PAST ANTERIOR.-I had been dissatisfied. Thou hadst been hoarse. mécontent He had been stubborn. We had been uneasy. entêté uncivil. They had been studious. malhonnête studieux inquiet enroué You had been FUTURE.-Shall I be rich? Wilt thou be morose? She will be credulous. We shall be inflexible. Will you be unfaithful? Will crédule those ladies be uneasy? infidèle. FUTURE ANTERIOR.-Shall not I have been too hasty in that affair? Thou wilt have been civil and polite. He will have been distrustful. CONDITIONAL PRESENT.-I should be too busy. Thou wouldst be occupé skilful. He would be awkward. We should not be credulous. You adroit would not be tired. Would not those things be useless? Would fatigué they not be superfluous ? f. superflu. chose f. (150.) inutile CONDITIONAL PAST.-I should have been grateful. reconnaissant Wouldst thou have been ungrateful? He would not have been absent. Should we have been avaricious? You would have been stronger than I. avare Would not the rooms chambre f. have been too large? IMPERATIVE.-Be affable. Let us not be 162. Use of avoir and être as Auxiliaries. The verb avoir is used in conjugating : 1st, Its own compound tenses; as, J'ai eu, I have had. 2nd, The compound tenses of étre; as, J'ai été, I have been. 3rd, The compound tenses of all active or transitive verbs; as, J'ai aimé, I have loved. 4th, The compound tenses of neuter verbs; as, J'ai dormi, I have slept. Except a few conjugated with étre ; as, Je suis tombé, I have fallen. (See Neuter Verbs.) The verb étre is used to conjugate : 1st, All passive verbs; as, Je suis aimé, I am loved. 2nd, The compound tenses of all reflective verbs; as, Il s'est flatté, he has flattered himself. REGULAR VERB S. FIRST CONJUGATION. 163. Model of the First Conjugation, Infinitive Mood ending in ER. The first conjugation comprises the greater number of the verbs, including about 5000, whose terminations are alike through all their changes for mood, tense, number, and person. These terminations are the variable letters, which, for distinction, are printed in italics in the models of the conjugations which follow. NOTE. The greater part of the French verbs ending in er in the infinitive are derived from Latin verbs ending in are in the same mood, or those of the first conjugation; as, |