Cognate objective,
Cognates, 208
Collective nouns, 75; syntax of, 242, 253 Common, proper and singular nouns, 73; gender, nouns of, 80
Comparatives not followed by than, 117 Comparison of adjectives, 112; modes of marking, 114; irregular, 115; errors of syntax in, 243; pleonasm in, 116, 244; of adverbs, 182
Complement of predicate, 138, 211 Complex sentence, 194
Compounds and derivatives, 199 Compound nouns, plurals of, 91; posses- sive of, 98; relation of parts in, 200; compound gerund forms, 154, 229 Con, 174
Concord, definition of, 230; of pronouns and nouns, 246; of relative with ante- cedent, 247; of verbs and subjects, 253; rules observed in, 260 Concrete nouns, 76
Conjugation, definition of, 164; of be, 146; of simple tenses, 165; of verb with auxiliaries, 166
Conjunctions, definition of, 192; join sentences and words, 192; classifica- tion of, 193; co-ordinate, 196; sub- ordinate, 197; derived from other parts of speech, 197; correlative, 197; alter- native, syntax of, 254
Conjunctive pronouns, 125; adverbs, 180 Conquest of Britain, Roman, 2; English, 2; Norman, 5
Consonants defined, 39; classified, 43 Co-ordinate conjunctions, 193, 254 Co-ordinating use of relative pronoun, 129, 218
'em, old dative plural of he, 122 n. Emphasis, definition of, 51
-en, feminine suffix, 82; plural suffix, 88; adjective suffix, 202; verb suffix, 203; past participle suffix, 159
English conquest of Britain, 2; who they were, 3; whence they came, 4; lan- guage formerly pure, 27; now mixed, 27; its constituents, 9 Enlargement of subject, 213; of predi- cate, 215
er, suffix, plural, 88; comparative, 114; masculine, 202; verbal, 203 Erse, 2, 26
-es, plural suffix, 86
-ess, feminine suffix, 82 Etymology, definition of, 34 Euphonic changes, 50
Events affecting the formation of English vocabulary, 7, 20
Excuse, two meanings of, 282
Expedients, orthographical, 57
Extension, meaning of, 212, 214
Every, etymology, 130; syntax, 242
F, plural of nouns ending in, 87 Factitive verbs, 231; object, 238; use of adjectives, 241
Family of languages, Aryan, 24; Se- mitic, 28
Feminine, see Gender; double forms, 82 Few' and' a few,' 242
French influence on English language, 7 Frequentative suffix, 203
Friday, absence of possessive S, 101 Further, 116
Future, how expressed in subjunctive, 262; table of forms, 256; predictive and promissive, 173
Gaffer and gammer, 84 Gander, 84
ge- in yclept, 164
Gender, comparison of English and other languages as regards, 80; distinguished from sex, 80; definition of, 81; modes of marking, 82; in pronouns, 131; of nouns in apposition, 233 Genitive, see Possessive; meaning of word, 235; relations expressed by old, 101; subjective and objective, 236 Gerund, definition of, 152; compound forms of, 154, 229. Gerundial infinitive, 149
Go, 164; not an auxiliary, 156 Government, definition of, 230
Grammar, definition of, 36; divisions of, 36; an Art or a Science, 32 Greek words in English, 17 Gutturals, 44
Indo-European family of languages, 24; languages outside, 27; table of, 29 -ine, feminine suffix, 82
Infinitive mood, 149; equivalent to a noun, 149; without to, 149; simple and gerundial, 149; prolative, 212; split infinitive, 266
Inflexions, definition of, 65; in English only few, 65; mostly of English origin, 66; consequences of loss of, 67; mark- ing gender, 82; number, 86; case, 96; comparison, 114; retained in pronouns, 131; in adverbs, 182
Inflexional and non inflexional languages, 66
-ing, suffix, patronymic, 18; diminutive, 201; verbal, 150; origin of, 264; errors of syntax with, 264
Intentional tenses, so-called, 156 Interjections, 198
Interrogative pronouns, 127
Intransitive verbs, 135; becoming tran- sitive, 136 Iranian, 27
Irish, or Erse, 2, 26
It, 122; anticipatory subject, 218 Italic stock, 26
Lady-day, absence of possessive s, 101 Languages, table of Indo-European, 29; spoken and written, 30
Langue d'oïl and langue d'oc, 6 Lappish, 27
Last and latest, 115
'Last two' and 'two last,' 244
Latin element in English, 10; words of 1st period, 10; 2nd period, 11; 3rd period, 11; 4th period, 13; proportion of, in vocabulary, 14; in use, 15; suffixes, 201; prefixes, 203
Naught, 130
Near, 115 Need, 175
Neither, error in use of, 276 Neuter gender, 80; verbs, 138 News, 89
No and yes, 181; and not, syntax of, 273 Nominative, how to determine, 100; ab- solute, 231; of address, 97; in analysis, 218; uses of, 231 Norman Conquest, 5
Norman French words in English, 12; contained Keltic element but mainly Latin, 6; influence on the formation of compounds, 17; alphabet, 59; in- flexions, 66, 112; formation of plurals, 101; comparison, 114 Notional verbs, 138
Nouns, definition of, 69; distinguished from pronouns, 70; from adjectives, 70; common, proper, and singular, 71; proper becoming common, 73; common becoming singular, 74; collective, 75; syntax of, 242, 253; abstract and con- crete, 76; names of materials, 74; for- mation of abstract, 77; gender of, 80; number of, 86; table of plurals of, 86; without change of form in plural, 89; apparently plural really singular, 89; really plural used as singular, 89; syntax of, 253; changing meaning in plural, 90; having two forms of plural with different meanings, 90; with no plural, 90; with no singular, 91; com- pound, 200; plural of, 91; case of, see Case; verbal, 151; used as adverbs, 182; suffixes of, 201; syntax of, 231 Noun clauses, 195; how to deal with in analysis, 218
Number, definition of, 86; in nouns, 86; in verbs, 158
Numerals, cardinal, 105; ordinal, 106; multiplicative, 107; mostly of English origin, 107
O, impure, 47; plural of nouns ending in, 88 Object, definition of, 136; direct and in- direct, 97, 214; retained, 144, 238; of verb an adverbial adjunct, 214; en- largement of, 214
Objective case, how to determine, 100; syntax of, 237; form of in nouns and pronouns, 96; cognate, 137; adverbial relation of noun in, 214
Oblique narrative, 258; cases, 102 Older and elder, 115
-om in seldom, 182
-on, -oon, -one, augmentative suffix, 202 One, numeral adjective, 106; indefinite pronoun, 129
Only, place of, 271; for but, 280
Order, a part of syntax, 230; of noun in nominative, 234; in possessive, 237; in objective, 239; of adjective, 246; of personal pronouns, 252; examples of faults of, 279.
Orthoëpy, definition of, 33 Orthography, definition of, 33 Orthographical expedients, 57 Ought, 175 Oxen, 88
Owe and own, 175
Parsing, directions for, 224 Participles, definition of, 152; present, 152; distinguished from other verbal forms in -ing, 152; used as prepositions, 188; used absolutely, 188; common error of syntax in use of, 232, 240; past, 153; with have, 153; adopted with intransitives, 153
Parts of speech, definition of, 63; reduced to four groups, 64; the same word oc- curring under different, 64; inflected or not inflected, 65; the articles not separate, 108
Passive voice, 142 Patronymics, 18
Paulo-post future tenses, so-called, 156 Peas, 90
Pence and pennies, 90
Perfect and Imperfect as applied to tenses explained, 157
Perfect formed by reduplication, 159 Person in verbs, 158; origin of inflexions marking, 158 Personal pronouns, 121 Personification affecting gender, 81 Phenomenal, misuse of, 267 Phonetic spelling, 56 Phonology, 33.
Phrase, defined, 213; absolute, 218; pre- positional, 227, 278
Please, construction of, 229
Pleonasm, 236, 244, 281 Plurals of nouns, see Nouns Polysyndeton, 276
Possessive, forms of, 97; of nouns in ap- position, 98; of compound nouns, 98; s not corruption of his, 100; expressed by of, 99; functions of, 97; syntax of, 234; pronouns, 131 Predicate, definition of, 210; complement of, 138, 211; enlargement of, 215; logical and grammatical, 177 Predicative use of adjectives, 104, 241 Prefixes, definition of, 200; list of, En- glish, 203; Latin, 203; Greek, 204 Prepositions, defined, 186; compared with case-endings, 95; need not pre- cede nouns, 187; classified, 188; dis- tinguished from adverbs, 189; relations expressed by, 187; idiomatic use of, 277
Present Indefinite, uses of, 157 Pronouns, defined, 118; distinguished from nouns, 70; characteristic of, 119; different uses of, 119; classification of, 120; personal, 121; demonstrative, 123; reflexive, 123; relative, 125; how iden- . tified, 126; compound, 128; co-ordinat- ing and restrictive uses of, 128; inter- rogative, 127; indefinite, 129; distribu- tive, 130; reciprocal, 130; possessive, 131; retain inflexions, 131; used as adverbs, 183; concord of, 246; syntax of relative, 247
Prosody, definition of, 35; not a part of grammar, 36 Punctuation, rules for, 284
Scotch, Highland, a Keltic dialect, 2; Lowland, an English dialect, 2 n Se, seo, that, 122 n Second, 107 Self, 124 Semi-vowels, 42
Semitic Languages, 28
Sentences, defined, 193, 210; simple, compound, and complex, 194; what is expressed by, 210; how to correct faulty, 239; elliptical, 215; errors in, 274
Sequence of tenses, 257
Sex distinguished from gender, 80 Shall and will, 173; syntax of, 256 Sharps and flats, 41
Should and would, 173; syntax of, 257 Sibilants, 44
Singular nouns distinguished from com- mon and proper, 72; number, see Number
Slavonic languages, 27 So, adverb, syntax of, 273 Solecism, definition of, 246
Sounds, elementary, in English, 48; consonants, 43; vowels, 45; mutes, 42; sonants and surds, 41; not sounded together, 49; spirants, 42; sibilants, 44 ; trills, 44; thin, middle, and aspirate, 53; classified according to vocal organs, 44; dropped or added to save trouble, 50; transposition of, 51; significant, or words, represented in writing, 54 Spanish influence on English language, 6 Spelling in English, difficulties accounted for, 58; phonetic, 56 Spinster, 82
Stocks, meaning of, 25
Subject of sentence, definition of, 210; different kinds of, 212; enlargement of, 213; ellipsis of, 69, 211, 227 Subjunctive mood, forms of, 146; uses of, 147, 261
Subordinate clauses, 194
Suffixes, defined, 200; list of, 201 Superlatives, double, 116; not suggesting comparison, 117
Syllables, division of words into, 204
Syntax, definition of, 35
Synthetic languages, 66
Tense, future in subjunctive, 262 Tenues, 53
Teutonic tribes, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles were, 3; meaning of name, 3; stock, English belongs to, 26 Than, syntax of, 272; with relative, 272 That, the t in, 122; how to determine its part of speech, 126; its restrictive use as relative, 128, 251; conjunction, 127; omission of, 276
The, 107; uses of, 109; adverbial use of, 182; syntax of, 244
-ther, comparative suffix, 116, 130 There, with verb preceding subject, 218 Third, 107
Thorn, the letter, 59 Thou, old uses of, 123
To, before infinitive, 149; omitted from some verbs, 149; should not be sepa- rated from the verb by an adverb, 266 Transpire, misuse of, 267 Trills, 44
-trix, feminine suffix, 82 Turkish language, 27 Twelve, 107
U, modes of writing diphthongal, 46; distinguished from letter v, 60 Umlaut, 50
Utter, comparative adjective, 116
Verbs, definition of, 134; transitive and intransitive, 135; intransitive used as transitive, 136; converted to transitive by preposition, 136; causative, 137; followed by cognate objective, 137; transitive used as intransitive, 137; of incomplete predication, 137; neuter, 138; auxiliary, 138, 171; notional, 138; impersonal, 139; inflexions of, 141; voice, 142; active and passive, 142; alternative passive constructions, 143; retained object with passives, 144; quasi-passive, 144; mood, 144; indica- tive, 145; imperative, 145; subjunctive, decay of, 146; uses of, 147, 261; tests for, 148; infinitive, 149; resembles noun, 149; simple and gerundial, 149; forms in -ing, 150; gerund, 151; parti- ciples, 152; table of forms, 154; tenses, 155; mark time and completeness, 155; simple and compound, 145; table of,
155; perfect continuous, 156; so called, 156; mode of formation of, 156; perfect and imperfect, 157; advantages of our mode of marking, 157; uses of present indefinite, 157; weak and strong, 159; used as adverbs, 183; number, 158; person, 158; conjugation of, 165; de- fective, 171; suffixes of, 203; syntax of, 253; concord of, 253; with collec- tive nouns, 253; with plurals used as singulars, 253; implying futurity, syn- tax of, 258
Verbal, misuse of, 267
Verbal noun, the infinitive a, 149; forms in -ing, 150.
Verse, definition of, 36
Very and much, their adverbial use distinguished, 185, 263 Vixen, 82
Vocative, 97, 231; in analysis, 218 Voice, 142
Vowels, definition of, 39; enumeration of, 45; obscure or natural vowel, 45
W, semi-vowel, 42 Weak verbs, 159
Wednesday, the es in, 98, 101 Welsh a Keltic dialect, 2, 26 Wen, the letter, 59
What, 127; the t in, 123 Which, 127
Who and which as co-ordinating rela- tives, 129; who and what as indefinite pronouns, 250
Why, 182
Widower, 84
Will, 173; syntax of, 256 Wit, defective verb, 177
Witenagemot shows old genitive plural form, 101 Wizard, 84 Woman, 84
Words, definition of, 62; number in dic- tionary, 15; in use, 15; Keltic, 9; Latin, 10; Danish, 18; from various sources, 18; how added, 20; imper- fectly naturalized, 21, 87; ways of classifying, 63; disguised in form, 200; wrongly used, 267
Worth, defective verb, 177
X, a redundant letter, 48
Y, semi-vowel, 42; plural of nouns end. ing in, 88 Yclept, 164
Ye and you, 123 Ye for the, 59 Yes, 181, 227
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. & C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
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