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SPRAGUE, Art,.

STEELE, Measure of Speech,.

STOCKTON, Flogging in the Navy,

STORY, Our Duties,.

STRAFFORD, EARL OF, Defence,

124 WOLFE, GEN., To the Army before Quebec, 147

80 WOLFE, CHARLES, Defence of Poetry, 18

89

Burial of Sir J. Moore,. 152

[blocks in formation]

SWAIN, One Story 's Good, &c.,

540 YRIARTE, The Monkey and Magpie,

534

THE

STANDARD SPEAKER.

INTRODUCTORY TREATISE.

I. ORATORY.

ORATORY, which has its derivation from the Latin verb oro, signifying to plead, to beseech, may be defined the art of producing persuasion or conviction by means of spoken discourse. The word eloquence, in its primary signification, as its etymology implies, had a single reference to public speaking; but it is applied by Aristotle, as well as by modern writers, to compositions not intended for public delivery. A similar extension of meaning has been given to the word rhetoric, which, in its etymological sense, means the art of the orator, but now comprehends the art of prose composition generally.

ORATORY AMONG THE ANCIENTS.

It is apparent, from the speeches attributed by Homer to the chiefs of the Iliad, as well as by the commendations which he bestows on Nestor and Ulysses for their eloquence, that the art of Oratory was early understood and honored in Greece. But it was not till Demosthenes appeared that Grecian eloquence reached its perfection. Demosthenes, who, by the consent of all antiquity, was the prince of orators, still maintains his preeminence. Of his style, Hume has happily said: "It is rapid harmony, exactly adjusted to the sense; it is vehement reasoning, without any appearance of art; it is disdain, anger, boldness, freedom, involved in a continued stream of argument; and of all human productions, the orations of Demosthenes present to us the models which approach the nearest to perfection." It is related of this great orator, that, in his first address to the people, he was laughed at and interrupted by their clamors. He had a weakness of voice and a stammering propensity which rendered it difficult for him to be understood. By immense labor, and an undaunted perseverance, he overcame these defects; and subsequently, by the spell of his eloquence, exercised an unparalleled sway over that same people who had jeered at him when they first heard him speak in public. The speeches of Demosthenes were not extemporaneous. There were no writers of short-hand in his days; and what was written could only come from the author himself.

After the time of Demosthenes, Grecian eloquence, which was coeval with Grecian liberty, declined with the decay of the latter. In Rome, the military spirit, so incompatible with a high degree of civil freedom, long checked the

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