Fortification.-Fig. 1. Plan of Field Redoubt: a, a, Bonnettes; b, b, Barbettes; c, c, Traverses; d, d, Parados. The diagonal shading indicates the position of casemates. Note.-In this, and in figs. 2, 3, and 4, the reliefs are given in feet relatively to the plane of site (x above, - below).

Fortification.-Fig. 2. A, Section through face, AA, fig. 1; B, Section through

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mast to the bow; it is the part to which the common sailors have free access, and probably derives its name from a small turret or castle placed near the prow in ancient vessels, from which darts and other projectiles could be most conveniently hurled upon an enemy: the term includes also the part under the main deck forward where the sailors sleep and eat. Foremast is the first or front mast; surmounted by the foretop-mast, foretopgallant-mast, and foreroyal; its sails being foresail, foretopsail, etc.; between it and the bow flies the forestaysail hoisted on the forestay, a massive rope passing from the foretop to the bow, and, with the backstays and shrouds, maintaining the mast perpendicular. Forebraces are ropes passing from the extremities of the foreyard into the maintop, whence they descend through pulleys to the deck where they serve, when necessery, to alter the direction presented by the foresail to the wind.

FOREADVISE, v. för úd-viz' [fore, and advise]: in OE., to warn before the action or event happens.

FOREARM, n. for ârm [fore, and AS. earm, the shoulder-joint]: the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist.

FOREARM, v. för-árm' [fore, and L. arma, weapons]: to prepare for attack or resistance before the time of need. FOREARM ING, imp. FOREARMED', pp. -ârmd.

FOREBEARS, or FORBEARS, n. plu. för-bārz' [AS. for, before: Goth bairan, to produce children: Icel. furdr, bearing children]: in Scot., forefathers; ancestors.

FOREBODE, v. förbōd [fore, and bode: Iccl. fyrirboda]: to foretell; to feel a secret sense of something future -usually applied to evil. FOREBO DING, imp.: ADJ. presaging; ominous: N. perception beforehand. FORE BO DED, pp. FOREBO DER, n. one who-SYN. of forebode': to augur; presage; betoken; prognosticate; portend; predict.

FOREBY, prep. for-bi' [for, and by]: in OE., near by; fast by. FORBYE', in Scot., over and above; besides.

FORECAST, v. for kást [fore, and cast]: to foresee; to plan before execution. FORECASTING, imp. FORECAST ED, pp. FORECAST, n. för kist, previous contrivance; foresight. FORECAST ER, n. one who.

FORECASTLE, n. för kis or fok'sl [fore, and castle]: forepart of a ship, formerly much raised and in the form of a castle; the part of the upper deck forward from the foremast; the forward part under the main deck in merchant ships where the sailors live.

FORE-CHOSEN, a. för-chō'zn [fore, and chosen]: chosen

beforehand.

FORECITED, a. for-si'těd [fore, and cited]: quoted before or above.

FORECLOSE, or FORCLOSE, v. för-klōz' [for, against, and close: F. fors, without; clos, closed, shut up: F. forclore, to foreclose]: to close or shut against; to put an end to; to preclude. FORECLOSING, imp. -zing. FORECLOSED', pp.

-klozd, precluded; cut off from the right of redemptionusually said of a mortgage. FORECLO SURE, n. -klo'zhúr, act of foreclosing; prevention; in law, proceeding by which a mortgagee gains possession of the property of a mortgagor unable to pay either principal or interest of a loan made on the security of the property. The mortgagor has an equity of redemption in his property as long as he can pay the interest, but when no longer able the mortgagee may file a bill calling on the mortgagor, in a court of equity, to redeem his estate within a specified period, or, in default thereof, to be forever closed or barred from any right of redemption. In N. Y., Ind., Ky., Md., S. C., Tenn., and Va., the practice is for the mortgagee to obtain a decree for a sale of the land under the direction of an officer of the court, ia which case the proceeds are applied to the discharge of the incumbrances according to their priority. Should the sale yield more than the aggregate of principal and unpaid interest, the surplus is turned over to the mortgagor. In some states a mortgage is foreclosed without a sale, and in such case an extension of time is granted the mortgagor, and under some state laws the proceedings in foreclosure extend over an entire year, particularly if the mortgagor charges fraud or resists, see MORTGAGE. Note.-Fore in 'forego' and 'foreclose' does not mean before,' but ' against, across,' and is therefore an erroneous spelling of for.

FORE-DATE, v. für-dāt [fore, and date]: to date before the true time. FORE-DECK, n. -dék, the forepart of a ship. FORE DESIGN, v. -de-sin', to plan beforehand; to intend previously. FORE-DETERMINE, v. -dě-tër min, to decree beforehand.

FOREDOOM, v. för-dûm' [fore, and doom]: to doom beforehand. FORE-DOOR, n. -do", the door in front of a house.

FORE-END, n. för-end [fore, and end]: in OE. and Scotch, anterior part; the end or part which comes before; the stem of a ship. AFT-END, the stern or hinder part.

FOREFATHER. n. for få-ther [fore, and father]: an ancestor. SYN. of forefathers': ancestors; progenitors; predecessors; forebears.

FOREFEND, v. for-fend [fore, and fend]: to ward off; to keep off; to hinder; to prevent approach; to prohibit. FOREFENDING, imp. FOREFEND'ED, pp.: see FORFEND.

FOREFINGER, n. förfing-ger [fore, and finger: perhaps OE. forme, first, and finger]: the finger next the thumb.

FOREFOOT, n. förfût [fore, and foot]: one of the front feet of an animal.

FOREFRONT, n. for frunt [fore, and front]: the front

part.

FOREGO, v. for-go' [fore, before, and go]: to go without; to give up; to forbear to possess or enjoy. FOREGOING, imp. giving up: ADJ. preceding; going before. FOREGONE, pp. for-gim, given up: ApJ. made up or decided beforehand.

FOREWENT, pt. for-went, went before; preceded; gave up Note -Some English authorities make a distinction between forego and forgo: forego, to go before; forgo, to go against or without. But English usage is not uniform in observing this distinction; and in the United States, both meanings are combined under forego, and the form forgo is not in use.--SYN. of forego': to quit; relinquish; leave; resign; renounce; abandon; abjure;-of foregoing': antecedent; previous; former; anterior; prior.

FOREGROUND, n. förground [fore, and ground]: that part of a picture which appears to lie nearest the eye of the observer.

FOREHAND, a. för hand [fore, and hand]: done sooner than is regular; in Scotch law, rent of a farm made payable before the crop, of which it is the rent, has been reaped: N. the part of a horse before the rider; in OE., preference; advantage. FORE'HANDED, a. -hand-id, early; timely.

FOREHEAD, n. för ed [fore, and head]: the part of the face extending from the hair of the head to the eyes; the brow. FORE HORSE, n. -hors, the horse which goes foremost.

FOREHEND, v. for-hend' [fore, and OE. hend, to seize, which see]: in OE., to be seized; to be laid hold of. FOREHENT', pp. -hent', seized; laid hold of.

FOREIGN, a forin [F. forain; It. forense, belonging to what is without-from mid. L. foraněus, that which is without, strange-from foris, out of doors-lit., that is without]: external; alien; belonging to another nation or country; not to the purpose; remote; not native or natural. FOR EIGNER, n. -er, one belonging to another country; not a native (see ALIEN). FOR EIGNNESS, n. -nes, remoteness. FOREIGN-PLEA, in law, plea objecting to a judge on the ground that he has not cognizance of the subject-matter of the suit.-SYN. of foreign': extraneous; outside; without; remote; extrinsic; outlandish; exotic; strange; excluded.

FOREIGN ATTACHMENT: legal attachment or ar restment of a citizen of one country in another country. It may have reference either to person or to property. În several states the laws provide for such process and for levy on the property of absconding or non-resident debtors; but the laws of different states vary in details.-The several states of the American Union are not counted foreign to each other: the Constitution (q.v.) provides that each shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. The congress is to provide the legal methods for proving and giving efficiency to the judicial decisions of each state in every other; and this is accomplished universally except in regard to Divorce-in which particular the laws thus far are grievously deficient. -See ATTACHMENT: ARREST: ARRESTMENT: APPREHEND: FOREIGN COURTS: FOREIGN JUDGMENT: FOREIGN LAWS: GARNISHMENT. A defendant arrested or attached in a foreign country may be again arrested in his own country on the same ground of action.