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Paris, 1829. 5. Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Eighteenth edition. 2 vols. 1829. 6. A Synopsis of the Peerage of England. By Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Esq. 2 vols. London. TH HE Houses of Peers of England and France are so dissimilar in age, that they will admit but of a very slight comparison; yet as one has been formed after the model of the other, as far as circumstances would admit, some notice of both in the same article may not be totally uninteresting. In the empire of Great Britain, the term nobility has always been confined to the peerage; in France it comprehends all those to whom we should formerly, in strictness, have applied the term of gentry. But as all of this rank possessed, under the old régime, odious privileges with respect to taxation, &c.; and as, according to Mad. de Staël, they amounted to one hundred thousand, besides as many priests enjoying similar exemptions, the gross abuses in the grant of this franchise for the most corrupt considerations were among the prominent causes of the French Revolution. peers, however, were a very small body, and had no functions like those of England. In 1789, when the Revolution broke out, the number of peers was only thirty-eight, who all had the title of dukes; while there were many other dukes who were not peers. In the early times of the French monarchy there were only six ecclesiastical peers, and six lay peers;-the Dukes of Burgundy, Normandy, and Guienne,-the Counts of Flanders, Toulouse, and Champagne. These were male fiefs, The which, which, as the male heir became extinct, were united to the crown. New peerages were afterwards created in favour of the princes of the blood-royal of France. In the sixteenth century, Louis XII. and Francis I. extended these peerages to persons who were not of the blood-royal. Voltaire has written a history of the French parliaments, in which these peers had a seat; and numberless other accounts of their order have appeared. But no opinion is more erroneous, than that the peers of France, before the revolution, limited as they were in number, were of more historic and of more ancient families than the English peers existing at the same period. The oldest peerage of France existing in 1789, was that of De Crussol, Duc d'Uzès, created as late as 1572. There remained at this time only three more peerages of the same century,-De Lorraine, Duc d'Elbœuf, 1582;* De Rohan, Duc de Montbazon, 1595; and De la Tremoille, Duc de Thouars, 1599. Seventeen of the remaining peers were of the date of the following century. The first of these was created in 1606, the dukedom of the immortal Sully. Others which followed were the dukedoms of Richelieu, 1631; Montmorenci-Luxembourg, 1662; Gramont, 1663; and Noailles, 1663; all titles familiar to the English. Seventeen others, dated in the last century, made up the complement, including the names of Harcourt, 1710; Fitzjames, 1710; Nivernois — Mazarin, 1721; Fleury, 1736; Rochefoucauld, 1770; and Choiseul, 1762-1787. The changes and irregularities of the laws and privileges of the peerage of France before the revolution are strikingly illustrated by a dispute which is recorded by l'Abbé Georgel, in his Mémoires, to have taken place at court in the last years of Louis XV. Among the peers were the three great houses of Lorraine, Rohan, and Bouillon, who, having set themselves up as the male epresentatives of sovereign princes, had obtained of Francis II. and his successors the grant of precedence at court over the other peers, with other ceremonial privileges, incident to the blood-royal. The Lorraines, who, under the title of Ducs de Guise' make such a frightful figure for their ambition and their cruelty under the last monarchs of the house of Valois, and who even aspired to intercept the crown from the Bourbons, found no difficulty in extorting from the throne these comparatively unsubstantial distinctions; the Rohans claimed descent from the ancient sovereign house of Bretagne, and were allied to Henry IV., whose Paris, 1817, vol. i., pp. 211-217. Lately extinct. According to the Dictionnaire Véridique, M. Chateaubriand is also descended from this great house of Bretagne, viz.: from Briant, fourth son of Eudo, Comte de Penthièvre, second son of Geoffrey, Duc de Bretagne, by Bavoise de Normandie. This house of Bretagne were also Dukes of Richmond in England. |