means generally fulfilled. Wherever there is a repression of selfishness, and an exertion of self-denial; wherever there is strenuous endeavour to resist the opposite seduction, and follow the course most in agreement with divine law, for its own sake, it is invariably a trial, more or less severe. But over, the pain is forgotten, and rejoicing takes its place, for a man' is then born into the world;' that is, the heavenly Truth which the affections have had that struggle to obey, receives a living fulfilment, and fills with gladness the whole of the little world of our thoughts and feelings. The correspondence of these two histories, namely, of the physical and the spiritual birth, beautifully explains the yearning ambition of the Hebrew women to be mothers, and espe cially of sons. As the female members of a typical church, every practice and idea of which was prefigurative, they symbolized in this ruling desire, the yearning of the rightly-ordered Christian affections, abundantly to fulfil truth. Hence we learn again why children were regarded among the Jews as the prime blessing of God; why fertility was considered the chief indication of his favour, and childlessness the most grievous of woes. The Old Testament teems with allusions to these things. None of these allusions are obsolete. Anything that has ever had a deep meaning for mankind, preserves it through all time, though to one age it may be literal, to another figurative. He maketh the barren woman to keep house, and to be a joyful mother of children,' literal to the Jew, is to the Christian a beautiful spiritual prophecy of the change effected by the love of God in the previously unfruitful heart.

Regarding the soul, then, as essentially composed of intellect and affections, on the marriage of which, with a right end in view, depend its noblest uses and truest enjoyments; we secure a first principle in psychological philosophy of the highest practical importance. No genuine system of metaphysics can be raised except on this. Education is rightly and usefully conducted only so far as it looks on human nature not as one thing, but two. Only that indeed is justly styled education which keeps steadily in view both the intellect and the affections; guiding them with an equal care, and exercising them with an equal regularity. To store the head and neglect the heart is no less dangerous than unjust. The heart, in its native enthusiasm and amorousness, must needs and will always be loving something, and if left to its own blind way, like an untended garden, loses itself in weeds and ruin. Nature beautifully attends to this double need of youth, by providing a father to cultivate its intellect, a mother to foster its affections. A child brought up under the supervision exclusively of one

sex, never presents so satisfactory a psychological development as one that has enjoyed a dual culture; strikingly instanced in girls who have learned in part, from 'masters.' Exclusive home-education or exclusive school-education, is for the same reason, always a comparative failure, For the one is feminine, the other masculine, and each fulfils a part aț once indispensable, and for which the other is unqualified. So with self-culture, the most important exercise of life. Knowledge of the great fact of our dual spiritual constitution best informs us how to pursue it, and thus how most keenly to enjoy existence. For this beautiful and desired ability is always best attained where we keep steadily before the soul an object of intellectual contemplation, and an object for its affections to delight in and repose on, Unduly to foster or neglect either the intellect or the affections deranges the entire plan of our psychology, and we become slaves to the wild extravagances of passion, or chill into cold priests of knowledge. Not that it is easy to preserve the medium, for herein lies the main difficulty in self-culture. Notwithstanding all watchfulness and care, sometimes we feel as if we could glide through a triple life-time, occupied but in the sweet exercise of the affections, and desiring neither variety nor lull; sometimes the brilliant pleasures of the understanding uplift themselves as cedars, green in perennial leaf, and would fain persuade us that in Thought and Learning consist all the luxury and privilege of existence. But the error brings its own correction. Nature, in her benign foresight, in filling the world with beauty, everywhere prescribes alternation as conditional to it; and true to her harmonies, ordains that in the little world of man, the heart shall satiate, and the head weary, each of its dearest spring of gladness, too long indulged; and that only by corresponding alternation of activities, shall they realize their highest capacities for enjoyment. As with husband and wife in a rightly-ordered household, the well-trained understanding and affections secretly become conscious that their best interest is at once to love one another, and mutually confess the other's excellence in place. Self-education for wise enjoyment alike of the pleasures of love and thought, confers moreover, on both head and heart, new aptitude and vigour. The sweets of love and friendship are appreciated best where they are made recreation to noble exercises of the head. Books and contemplation are to none so full of charm as to those who enter deepest into the sanctities of the affections.

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ETHNOLOGY.

HOW ARE THE VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN RACE TO BE ACCOUNTED FOR?

(Concluded from page 329.)

IT is not denied that climate has an effect on the individual, as is readily seen in those who are much exposed to the sun. It cannot, however, be through the direct influence of climate that the polar bear, the arctic fox, (and the various animals already alluded to,) change their colour and covering, since this change takes place when the animals are shielded from the cold of winter, and, indeed, generally before the cold sets in. Moreover, these changes must be such as will be perpetuated in the offspring, or no permanent variety in any particular species or race will be established. To the arguments attempted to be drawn from analogous changes in our domesticated animals, when compared with the stock from which they have sprung, there is one general reply, viz. That as these varieties have been induced by constraint, and are continued by subjecting them to artificial agencies, they will, in every case, revert to the original type whenever released from man's control. If climate has the power of producing the changes ascribed to it, then it becomes difficult to account why the Laplanders, the Esquimaux, the Ostiacs, and other races inhabiting extremely cold regions, possess a dark skin. It does not appear that we can assign any other external agencies as the cause of the physical peculiarities of these races. It would be difficult to name any such agencies which have not also operated upon other races that are widely different in complexion and form.

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Moreover, if climate does exercise these modifying influences, how is it that after a complete intermixture of races, and a subjection to all these influences for a period extending beyond 2,000 years, we can still trace the distinctive characters of the three great races which inhabit Europe, -the Celtic, the Germanic, and the Sclavonic? Are 2,000 years too brief a period to fuse them into a similitude of type and colour? The inhabitants of Australia and Van Dieman's Land, even in latitudes with a climate not much unlike our own, are of a black colour, have curled hair, and the Malay conformation. The same is the case in New Zealand, while other islands near the equator have races of a fair complexion, and sometimes possessing even the xanthous colour. In Africa also, the Arabs, Moors, and Gallas, have for centuries inhabited territories adjacent to the equator, (and surrounded by Negroes,) without any perceptible change in their own physical organization. The N. S. NO. 154.-VOL. XIII.

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Gallas, who inhabit regions near the equator, are reported by Bruce “ to have long black hair and white skin, verging to brown." The Kaffres and other races that harass our colonists at the Cape, instead of being of a light complexion, as the climate might lead us to expect, are in many cases of a deep black.

It might naturally be expected that the mighty Continents of the New World, ranging from the north pole to the south, would present us with every diversity of physical structure, complexion, and conformation. The account given by Humboldt does not bear out this expectation. He states " that over a million and a half of square leagues, from the Tierra del Fuego islands to the river St. Lawrence and Behring's Straits, we are struck at the first glance with the general resemblance in the features of the inhabitants. The Indians of New Spain have a

66

more swarthy complexion than the inhabitants of the warmest climates of South America. This fact is so much the more remarkable, as in the race of Caucasus, (or European Arab,) the people of the south have not so fine a skin as those of the north." The Negroes of the mountains of Upper Guinea are not less black than those who live upon the coast. The people of the Rio Negro are swarthier than those of the lower Orinoco, and yet the banks of the first of these rivers enjoy a much cooler climate than the more northern regions." Dr. Prichard, (who is one of the most eminent authorities in this science,) remarks,—“ As to the efficacy of an African climate in transmuting other races into Negroes, we can find no example of such a change." Messrs. Marsden and Crawford, (who were travellers of careful and extended observation,) observe 66 that the heat of climate seems to have no connexion with the darkness of complexion among the Polynesian tribes. The fairest nations are, in most instances, those situated nearest the equator." In Sumatra the natives are fair, although under the perpendicular rays of the sun. In many of the Polynesian Islands the darker portion of the population is found in the mountainous regions. In Madagascar there are evidently two races, one being olive colour,-the other true Negroes. We find dark races in all the cold regions inhabited by man. Such, for instance, as the natives of Tierra del Fuego; the Canadian Indians, the Esquimaux, the hunters of Hudson's Bay, the Samoiedes of Northern Asia, the Finns and Laplanders, the inhabitants of Australia, and the aborigines of New Zealand, as well as those of the races at the extremity of Southern Africa.

It may also be asked how the same sun makes the African black, the Hindoo dark brown, the Chinese yellowish brown, and the American copper coloured? It has been asserted that the climate has changed

the type, conformation, and contour of the English who have settled in America, and impressed a peculiar configuration upon their descendants. But if the question be asked why the Finns, Laplanders, and Esquimaux have not also been changed, (and etiolated,) the reply usually is that they have not been in a cold climate long enough to induce a change! The advocates of the climatic theory must reconcile this contradiction as they best can. It is also asserted that extreme cold and extreme heat produce like results, and that this will account for dark races in both intensely cold and hot climates. But Australia, Asia, and New Zealand, are neither very cold nor very hot, and yet the aborigines are black. Besides, it is unphilosophical to ascribe like results to contrary causes, and equally unscientific to trace opposite results to the same cause. The climatic theory does both. It is also assumed that altitude will favour the production of light races and the Caucasian type; but Ulloa says that the American Indians on the Cordilleras of Peru are as dark as those inhabiting the hottest plains, and that those who live under the equator, cannot be distinguished from those who live 40 degrees north and south of it;-neither are those who are clothed, less dark than those who are naked. The Vandals seen by Bruce in Africa are still a light complexioned race, with yellow hair and ruddy cheeks, although thirteen centuries have elapsed since their migration from Europe. It might also be supposed that if climate were the cause of varieties, there would be the least dissimilarity in the most civilized countries, since under these circumstances the inhabitants can avail themselves of every resource of art to temper the extremes of heat and cold, and shield themselves from their unmitigated influence. The contrary is the fact, and we can distinguish Celt and Saxon, the Swede and the Russian, the German and the Pole as readily as at any period history reaches. Moreover, we observe the same TINT of complexion stretching over 50 degrees of latitude, and embracing Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, Russians, Poles, all the Sclavonic and Celtic races;-Armenians, Persians, Turks, Greeks, Arabians, Abyssinians, Syrians, Algerines, and the Tunisians and Tripolese. The Papua race of New Guinea, (just under the equator,) are tall, athletic, and of huge limbs. In the temperate countries to the southward, which, though inhabited by black negroes or aborigines, may be reckoned parallel in point of temperature to many countries of Europe, the natives are puny and dwindled." (Prichard.) Here, then, we have a race under the equator, tall, vigorous, and athletic," while in a country almost as temperate as our own, we are informed of a race dwindled."

black, puny, and