ART. XVIII. Copper Plate Perspective Itinerary, or Pocket Port-Folio. No. 1. and II. The former containing Ten Views of the interior of Gloucester Cathedral; the latter Ten Views of Goodrich Caftie, and its Environs, on the Banks of the Wye: each illuftrated by feveral Pages of Letter-Prefs, defcriptive of the Places reprefented. 8vo. 5s. and 7s. 6d Cary, 181, Strand.

THE plan of Mr. Bonnor, according to his own ftatement, is

"by copper-plate engravings, after accurate drawings made on the fpot, and by hiftorical and accurate de criptions, appropriate anecdotes, traditions, applicable literary compofitions, in verfe and profe, &c. &c. &c. to prefent and explain a selection from all parts of the kingdom, of the moft picturesque views of Cafiles, Abbeys, Cathedrals, Palaces, Manfions, Ruins, and other fpecimens of art, bo h of recent and remote date, as are beft calculated to gratify the feien ific tafte of the antiquarian; in addition to which, fuch of the inore ftriking beauties and extraordinary features of nature, as have attracted particular admiration, or may be deemed worthy the contemplation of the curious, will occafionally embellish its pag. s.'

The author promifes great accuracy and delicacy of execution in his drawings and engravings, and it would be the groffeft injuftice not to fay, that never was a promife more completely fulfilled. How fuch exquifitely delicate engravings, befides the letter-prefs, can poflibly be afforded for the price, even as augmented to 7s. 6d. in the second number, we cannot by any means imagine. Among the views of Gloucester Cathedral there are none without merit, but the three entitled, pl 1, Infide View from the Weft; pl. 2, The Chir and High Altar; and pl. 10, The great Clifters from the South Eaft, contains fuch fpecimens of minute, yet masterly work, combined with the moft admirable effects of very intricate perfpective drawing, as have very feldom been produced. The views of Goodrich Caftie, &c. in the fecond number, are all admirable, and are rendered more convenient for infpection, by being printed off on paper of equal fize, whereas the varying dimenfions of the Gloucefter views create fome little inconvenience.

To fhow that Mr. B. by no means neglects the execution of the literary part of his work, we will infert the whole account of the College School at Gloucefter, which is the most remarkable part of the firit number. It stands as the illustration of pl. 8.

"The

"The College School, is over the audit room. It was built for the inftruction of the youth belo.ging to the choir. It has been a first-rate feminary of learning for centuries; and its character was greatly raid by the judicious arrangements and rules laid down by the clebrated Mr. Wheeler, who was its head mafter during a confiderable part of the latter end of the laft century. He had previoufly been a tutor of Chriftchurch College, Oxford. His learning, ingenuity, ability, and Atrict attention, were happily applied to the improvement of the school in various ways. He new modelled it in every respect, both within.

doors and without.

"Before his time, the Grove, as it is now called, was in a state of neglect, overrun with docks, thiftles, and other weeds; pieces of de ayed timber lay scattered about in all directions; and quantities of filth, depofited on various parts of its furface, rendered it altogether a nuifance. With the affifiance of his fcholars, and for their joint exercife and amusement, he filled up a faw-pit that was there, removed all the litter and lumber, and laid out the ground after a regular plan. is object was not merely to convert a neglected and fenfive place into a play-ground; his views were much more extensive: they were not lefs directed to encourage habits of industry, to promote activity, and to excite in young minds a taste for practical gardening, and for the culti vation of a nursery, than they were to the inculcating elevated and claffical ideas.

"He formed a mount; the path to the fummit of which was narrow and steep, requiring great exertion to climb, and meant as an emblem of the road to happiness. An arber vite at the top of it, by its perpe tual verdure, was typical of the immortality of a future ftate, as the reward of virtuous exertion and perfeverance. Two cypress trees at the bottom were the emblems of death, through which all muft pafs on their road to immortality. He planted a birch tree, with a vine twining up it, as allufive to good and evil; and he diftingu fhed the walks by the appellations of the orators' walk, the poets', the hiftorians', the moral, &c. according to the claffes of the upper fchool. The narrow walks within, were termed the reciters' walks; and that which formed the entrance to the grove, was called the rudimentarians or novitiates in grammar.

The SCHOOL is defcribed as "that lofty building, fupported by the Cathedral on one fide, and the library on the other.'

"The school CLOCK was defigned by Mr. Wheeler, and provided at the expence of Mr. John Hanbury, educated at this fchool, and parliament man for this city." The letters of the alphabet denoted the hours, which being read backward, expreffed " Moft Loving Kind John Hanbury's Gift; For Ever Day Celestial Blefs the Author." The four corners were ornamented with the four cardinal virtues, each accompanied by proper fymbols, and fuitable Latin mottos. Twelve verfes correfponding with the twelve hours, and other lines in verfe of an admonitory tendency, were occafionally changed in colour, by a mechanical contrivance, from red to blue, black, &c. the intention of which was to fuggett, that however equal to its ufes that clock, or any other human invention might be, the exercife of an ingenious imagination, and the application of talents, may always add to the work, and render it ftill more worthy of admiration.

4.

To excite emulation in penmanship, the fcholars once a month had a combat of the pen." From the feveral fpecimens exhibited, the master chofe the twelve beft; and from these the scholars, by ballot, felected fix, which were honoured with a premium. By this arrangement, encouragement was extended to double the number of thofe who were adjufged the premiums; for to be one of the twelve diftinguished by the matter's preference, was to establish a credit but little capable of diminution by the decifion of thofe inferior judgments which ultimately awarded the prizes.

"The TRIPOS, or crofs, occupied a station, and was embellished by instructive verses. It is now kept in the TULLIANUM, or cell, where deliquents fentenced to refle&t on their faults, were fubjected to folitary confinement within ftrong lettice bars or grating. Formerly the maf ter ufed to bow to the Tripos before he afcended to his feat; a ceremony well calculated to imprefs young minds with the reverence due to the Supreme Power from all ranks of mortal men; but the practice was probably difcontinued on account of its favouring fomewhat of the religious ceremonies of the Roman church.

"The MANUBRIUM was an inftrument of punishment, used rather terrify. It confifted of little twigs of birch grafted at the top. "The skull of a young man who was hanged for ftealing books, was expofed as a warning; and another of a person who, by habits of fobriety, had lived to a great age, was exhibited as an incitement to temperance.

Such were the general good effects of Mr. Wheeler's inflitutions, that the voluntary occupations of the boys on holidays, were drawing, reading in the fchool library, qualifying themfelves for the "combat of the pen," by affiduous endeavours to excel in writing, &c. To draw off from too intense an application, those who in pursuit of their ftudies neglected to take futiicient exercife; he ufed occafionally to form a working party, and to select those boys as his companions in the toils of the Grove. He thus promoted his own health, called forth-the laborious exertion of the inactive, contributed very effentially to the occafional improvement of the Grove, and to the keeping of it at all times in good order, at very little expence; and in addition to thefe falutary purpofes, he at the fame time conferred the higheft diftinétion ́ on those who, being made the companions of his work, were for the time placed upon a level with himfelf. He was at great pains to cultivate a taste for the nursery and botanical knowledge, in fuch boys a☛ manifefted a delight therein: and for ordinary exercife, he erected a VAULTING BAR, for leaping; a TARGET POST, for throwing darts, e. and he inftituted a campus martius, with two cenfors, to fettle differences; or, in cafes of actual combat, to enforce the rules of fair and honourable contest.

**The school library is feparated from the school, and is well furnifhed with books. In addition to a quarterly fubfcription, which was more than fufficient to pay for the expence of fweeping the fchool, &c, it was cuftomary for each feholar, at Lent, to give fixpence to the mafter; one half of this collection he kept as his fair and allowed perquifite, and with the other half he bought cakes for the boys. Mr. Wheeler propofed to apply his fhare of the cake-money to the buying

books

books for the school library, if they would confent to do the fame and thus the purchase of books began. Confiderable aditions were made by Mr. Wheeler, and at different times by his acquintances, in Compliment to him; as likewife by feveral of the young gentlemen on retiring from the fchool. Two of the scholars best skilled in figures, were appointed treasurers, to keep an accosus of this fund, and its appropriation: and there were likewife two cenfors, two pro-cenfers, two fecretaries, chofen by ballot from among the best penmen; a keeper of the diary roll; two obfervators to each clafs, and a tutor to each clafs, felected out of fome fuperior form.

"An URNA DELATORIA was provided, into which all accufations were dropt, with the names of the parties, and of the witneffes to the facts alledged. At certain times, the mafter took them out; a folemn fellion was held; the offender was placed at the bar; the cenfors performed the functions of public accufers; the clafs of orators fupplied the counsel on bo h fides; and the event was determined by the verdict of a jury commpofed of nine boys. Unless two thirds at eait of the jury united in pronouncing him guilty of the charge, the party accused was acquitted.

"Further particulars relating to this curious fubject, may be found in a MS. dialogue, defcriptive of the Glocefter college fchool, which is bound up with Sir Roger le Strange's Elop's Fables, and preferved in the fchool library; at the end of the dialogue is written," Mc Wheeler, Prin. ;" and it is figned « Samuel Burroughs, Cenfor.”

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The opportunity which this publication of a view of the school affords for making thefe interefting particulars more known, has been a principle inducement for giving them 'a place here, in compliance with the carneft defire of feveral Gentlemen who were educated at this feminary.” P. 17.

It is impoffible not to with the utmost fuccefs to a work, undertaken with fach a fpirit, and conducted thus far with fo much fuccefs. Whatever encouragement or advantage the proprietor can receive from our commendation, we fhail give with the greateft fatisfaction.

ART. XIX. Medicina Nautica. An Efay on the Difeafes of Seamen; with an Appendix, containing Communications on the new D.ctrine of Contain and Yellow Fever, by American Phyfi ans, tranfmitted to the miralty by Sir John Temple; Bart. his Majefty's Conful General By Thomas Trotter, M. D. Phyfician to his "Maji's Fleet, Sc. Vol. II. 8vo. 475 PP. 75. Longinan and Rees. 1799.

IN

IN our Critic for June, 1797, p. 663 we gave an ample ac count of the firit volume of this uletul work, with fuch commendation as feemed due to the zeal and superior intelli

gence

gence of the author. The prefent volume is divided into fections, fimilar to the former, and the author has made fuch additions to each of the fections as further experience has fuggested.

In the first part, he gives an account of the state of health of the feamen in the fleet, for the years 1797 and 1798, he fays, in the title to the section, but in the detail the occurrences of the year 1798 are omitted. He has the fatisfaction, he fays, of finding the general directions he had given for the prefervation of the health of the feamen, and for extinguishing contagion, where it had been accidentally introduced, had proved abundantly fatisfactory. The account is taken from the journal of the reports of the furgeons to the feveral fhips. The author is particularly explicit in fhowing that the good state of health generally prevailing in the fleet, was to be attributed to the care and attention ufed by the officers to keep the births in the fhips dry, clean, and well ventilated; to feeing that the men were clean in their perfons, and warmly clad; to the free ufe of fresh vegetables while in port, and to their being plentifully fupplied with lemon juice when at fea; and, laftly, to the care that was used, when infectious fever at any time appeared, in feparating the fick from the healthy. He renews his objection to the ufe of nitrous vapour or gas, in fumigating the wards or apartments in which the fick are confined, contending that from its known property of abforbing and uniting with oxygen, - it must tend to debilitate, and confequently to increase the fatality of contagious fevers. This opinion is corroborated by the arguments of Dr. Michell, and other American phyficians, who, from various ingenious experiments and obfervations, make it probable, that the miafinata occafioning contagious fevers, are of the nature of the nitrous gas.

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Owing to the preffure of a heavy calamity (the ravages of the yellow fever) Dr. Michell fays, p. 71, our attention has been turned with more than ordinary keennefs, to detect the caufe of our diftrefs. Peftilence has been the fubject of difcuffion in our college, in our hofpital, in our municipality, and in our legiflature. We feem pretty generally agreed here, that fome combination of fepton, with oxgene produces the genuine form of peftilential vapours; and, confequently, alkaline fubftances, oily bodies, water, &c. (for feptic acid will unite with all thefe) are the remedies, preventives, and antidotes. Acid fumigations are laughed at here, and we wonder how men of fense and science can recommend them in thefe cafes. I fhall own myfelf miftaken, he adds, if the boafted fpecific for fyphilis, the nitric acid, does not turn out, in like manner, to be an inftance of deception

Y

BRIT. CRIT. VOL. XIV. SEPT. 1799.