The next and most remarkable for their number and great size are the sepulchral mounds, called Barrows. All nations have been in the habit of constructing heaps of this kind to commemorate the mighty dead, it was common amongst the Greeks, who sometimes buried their great men in mountains themselves-as did the Romans, thus Virgil,

"A tomb beneath a mighty mount they reared." And the Egyptians likewise, as we are told by Lucan,

"Beneath a mount their monarchs' ashes rest."

So did the Greeks-Euripides says,

"The mount which o'er Achilles' tomb was raised."

Barrows are found in Tartary, Greece, Italy, and India; and no where in greater abundance than in England. The size generally proportioned to the rank and character of the deceased-they were of various shapes, as the bowl, long, bell, broad, cone, and Druid barrows, which last were surrounded by a ditch.

Those that have been opened are found to contain skeletons, with various arms and utensils-and their age is found by the quality of these remains, the most ancient being made of stone and brass, and those after the coming of the Romans of iron and steel. Some of these barrows are as late as the eighth century.

There is another kind of sepulchral monument called a Caern, composed of huge stones piled to a prodigious height; these generally contained the ashes of persons burnt in the wicker image. Though some have been opened without finding any remains in them, which led Sir R. C. Hoare to suppose that they were heaps of memorial raised to keep in mind some covenant and promise.

"Their towns," says Cæsar, "consist of a collection of huts in a thick forest, surrounded by a ditch and embankment of earth," which were easily taken by Cæsar;

but their forts were better defended, and required a considerable exertion of military skill to get possession of them. They were generally situated on the top of a hill, made steep by art where nature had left them slopingand only one way of access being left, which was defended by walls and terraces cut in the rock, or composed of loose stones. One of these forts, (see plate,) which Mr. Pennant describes as "the most magnificent as well as most artfully constructed British fort he ever beheld;" •"* is situated on the summit of a mountain in Carnarvonshire, and is called "Traér Caeri"-or the town of fortresses. The only accessible side was defended by three walls-they appear to have been regularly faced, are very lofty, and exhibit from below a grand and extensive front. The area is of an irregular shape, and about the centre is a square space, surrounded by two rows of cells. The upper wall was in many places fifteen feet high on the outside, and often sixteen feet broad. From many eminences in the vicinity being similarly fortified-it appears that this was one of a chain of forts to which the Britons resorted to escape the fury of their invaders. It is highly probable that this was the retreat of Vortigern-as a Caern has been discovered near it, which tradition denominated " Bedd Gwitheyru," or the tomb of Vortigern.

These forts when defended by resolute men with a good supply of provisions, were almost impregnable, and the excellence of their situation may be supposed, when we find that Cæsar built forts in most cases on the same spot. Their private houses, like those of most other savages, were of hurdles, or stakes driven into the ground and thatched with straw, with only one opening which served for the admission of light and air, they were round and

*Beauties of England and Wales, Vol. 17.

+ Fosbroke's Ency. of Antiquities.

with conical roofs, much resembling the huts of beavers, in the winter they often dwelt in caves. Those built by princes or chiefs were generally on a hill surrounded by a parapet of loose stones, and the twigs were often barked by way of distinction. The Druids dwelt in stone huts large enough for only one person, many of which are still standing-hither the people resorted for instruction. In some parts of England pits have been discovered in the earth carefully concealed from view, and generally in a sandy soil where the water could not lodge; these are supposed to have been the hiding places of the Britons, where they could remain for days together with very little food. It is said they prepared something of herbs which they used as sailors are accustomed to use tobacco, for repelling the attacks of hunger; it is said by Tacitus that

they could remain up to their chins in water for days together" with nothing but this herb to support them. It is also said that the Britons had roads or trackways raised above the common surface, made with stones, and covered with turf to facilitate the communication between various places; one of these roads was Watling-street, which was repaired by the Romans.

In surveying those vast remains of British power, the mind is rather lost in wonder than delight, rather awed than pleased, and we can well imagine their effects on the minds of rude savages, those zealous crowds, who

"In ignorance adore,

And still, the less they know, they fear the more."

J. H.

A SUNDAY SPENT IN PARIS.

My last communications were dated from Boulogne. In these I informed my reader, that being engaged in a tour on the Continent, I am in search of a place where the Sunday is well attended to. Perhaps my reader may say, that had such

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been my object, I should have done better to have perambulated my own country, or, perhaps, to have extended my researches in the direction of Scotland, and the old proverb may perhaps be quoted to me, viz. :—that "those who go farthest do not always fare best;" but as I happen to be one of those who like to judge of things by their own senses, I did not find my ill success at Boulogne sufficient to dishearten me; I will go to the capital," I said; "the Roman Catholic religion is abolished there as a national religion; at any rate all others are tolerated: and may we not hope that this change has been effected from a conviction of its errors; and that, in consequence, those well-meaning persons who have hitherto been restrained by fear, will evidence their regard for a better order of things, with more assiduity, than when they were under a sort of state of compulsion?" With the idea, therefore, that I should find things better in Paris than I had in Boulogne, where the society at best is very mixed, and by no means the most select, I undertook the journey with my family, and found myself in a hotel kept by an Englishman. I awoke in in the morning with the pleasant thought that it was Sunday, and that I was free, for one day at least, from worldly occupation and cares respecting my future journeyings.

It was a fine season of the year, and as I opened my window the bells from many steeples reminded me of my native country, and of the sounds familiar to my infancy, when I yet dwelt in my father's house, in the fair valley in which I first saw the day; but before these sweet associations had had time to gladden my heart, the painful conviction arose, that it was not to a worship comparatively pure as that of my father's land, but to one so corrupt as hardly to merit the name of Christian, that these iron tongues were calling the people. We have nothing to do with these bells, I said to my young people, as I entered the saloon where we were to breakfast, but we must enquire for the English chapels, there is one here, of which I have heard a pleasing report, and no doubt we shall easily learn where it may be found. Accordingly, when we had breakfasted, a deputation was sent by us to the master or mistress of the hotel, to ascertain the place of the English chapel, and the hour of service, but unfortunately they were

both gone out-they had departed early for Versailles, where the water-works were to play that day in the Royal Gardens, and none of the servants left in the house could give us any information. "We will, however, get ready," we said, " and go out and enquire, we may perhaps meet some of our countrymen, who will give us information;" accordingly about ten o'clock we issued forth in a body, being several of us, and having, no doubt, that peculiar air which every person has who suddenly finds himself in a country, and in scenes totally new to him; we were also at a loss in what direction to turn, a circumstance which certainly rendered the appearance of our party the more remarkable. Nothing, however, was to be gained by standing still at the door of the hotel; we therefore turned in that direction where the comparatively narrow street, in which the hotel is situated, is crossed by one of wider dimensions. Here, amongst a heterogeneous mass of working people and shopkeepers in their Sunday clothes, which varied little from what I have described as having seen at Boulogne on the Sunday preceding, here were two young gentlemen walking, or rather lounging, arm-in-arm, along the pavement, their dress having that singular appearance which we should have said would have marked them to have been French or Austrians ; nevertheless an English word or two which they dropped from their lips, as they brushed by us, led us to understand that they were our countrymen. Perhaps these gentlemen may be able to assist us in our difficulty," we said, and as there was no time to be lost, one of our party hastened after them, for they were already passed, and requested information respecting the English chapel. "Pardon me, sir," replied the first of these persons addressed, "but I do not comprehend your question." "The chapel," repeated the other, jogging the arm of his fellow," the gentleman wished to know where the English chapel is." "Humph," said the first speaker, "I beg pardon, sir, but I have not the requisite information, I am totally unacquainted with that part of the town; in a word, that which you desire to know, does not happen to be within the sphere of my observation." "There is nothing to be gained in that quarter," said our friend, as he rejoined our party, we must try elsewhere." We therefore proceeded,

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