the sixteenth century gradually becoming suppressed, where no sibilant preceded. -es (3rd pers. sing.) is always mute, and -es (plural and gen. sing.) is only occasionally pronounced in some of the earlier plays. Even after a sibilant the -es of the plural and of the gen. sing. is often not pronounced, and is occasionally not written. Letters | should not | be known; | rich(es), pov | erty | (ii. 1. 144). On the other hand, -es is sounded in achés (see note on i. 2. 370). -est (2nd sing.) and -eth (3rd sing.) are practically always contracted in the later plays, e.g.: Shrug'st thou, malice? If thou neglect'st or dost unwillingly (i. 2. 367, 368). -est in the superlative is often retained, but it is six times contracted in The Tempest. -ed (past tense and part.) shows much variety, but the contracted form is the commoner. (d) In the last but one syllable. An unaccented vowel is sometimes lost before a consonant in the middle of a word of more than two syllables, e.g. diligent1 (iii. 1. 42), business (i. 2. 255). (2) Vowel and Vowel-like. The letters l, m, n, and have been given the name of 'vowel-likes', because they can exercise the double function of a vowel or a consonant. (a) Thus one of these letters by passing from its consonant to its vowel value may form a new syllable. This is much commoner in earlier than in later plays, e.g.: They vanish'd strangely.2 No matter, since (iii. 3. 40). (b) By passing from its vowel to its consonant value the 'vowel-like' may cause the loss of a syllable, e.g.: brother and yours (v. 1. 12), (brothe | r-and); mis'shapen knave (v. 1. 268), (mis-shape-n(kn)ave); officer and (i. 2. 84), (off-ice-r-and). Similarly within a word the unaccented vowel often suffers syncope before or after a 'vowel-like', e.g. parallel (i. 2. 74), and popular (i. 2. 92). 'Vowel-likes' underwent a still further reduction analogous to the suppression or slurring of vowels. Thus ! or could be partially suppressed before a consonant, e.g., i. 2. 304: 1 A dot under any letter (i) indicates that it is suppressed or slurred. A circle under a 'vowel-like' (1) denotes that it has syllabic value. And hith | (er) come in't: | go, hence | with dil | igence! (c) The 'vowel-like' r often caused a preceding long vowel to become a diphthong out of which two syllables were developed. Thus fairly spoke (iv. 1. 31); präyers (i. 1. 46); hour = ow-ər (v. 1. 4). (3) Vowel and Vowel. Two adjacent vowels may be run into one in the same or in different words. (a) In different words. This happens especially when the first word is the or to, e.g. th' event (i. 2. 117), th' afternoon (iii. 2. 83). Here the final vowel is altogether suppressed, but other final vowels rather formed a diphthong with the initial vowel, e.g. How came we ashore? (i. 2. 158). (b) In the same word. This is most frequent when the first vowel is i and u, which readily pass into y or w, e.g. consciences (ii. 1. 268); odious (iii. 1. 5). When a stressed vowel is followed by an unstressed the two may have the value of one syllable, e.g. being (i. 2. 72), deity (ii. 1. 268). (c) Contraction of vowels sometimes accompanies the loss of an intervening consonant. Thus even in its adverbial sense is a monosyllable in 85 cases out of 100, and is often spelt e'en. (But the adjective even is always two syllables.) So ever and never are often one syllable, and over is so in more than 60 per cent cases. Whether, rather, other, and whither are also often monosyllables. GLOSSARY abysm (i. 2. 50), abyss<O.F. abisme, abime <late Lat. abyssimus, a superl. of abyssus; lit. 'the profoundest depth'. amain (iv. 1. 74), at full speed, swiftly. The word literally means 'in strength'-a=on or in, and main := strength < O. E. mægen. Apparently not preceded by an earlier full on main, but formed in sixteenth century after words in a-, as afoot" (Murray). amazement (i. 2. 14), confusion, distress of mind; stronger than mere astonishment. So amazedly in stage-direction (v. 1. 216) means 'in a state of bewilderment'. M.E. amase, which had often the sense of producing disaster as well as confusion. Cf. Richard II., i. 3. 81, "amazing thunder". attached (iii. 3. 5), seized, attacked by. O.F. atachier, from a root probably cognate with English tack; hence probably='to tack to'. bat-fowling (ii. 1. 176). See note. betid (i. 2. 31), happened. M. Ε. be-tiden, 'happen', a synonym of tiden <O. E. tid-an, happen. blow (iii. 1. 63), to deposit eggs on, foul, sully. Cf. Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. 408, 409: "these summer flies Have blown me full of maggot ostentation!". bombard (ii. 2. 21). See note. bootless (i. 2. 35), profitless, useless. O.E. bot, advantage, profit. The substantive 'boot' is used by Shakespeare in Richard II., i. 1. 164: "there is no boot", i.e. there is no help or use. bosky (iv. 1. 81), woody <Mid. Lat. boscus, a wood. Cf. Comus, 313, "every bosky bower". brave (i. 2. 6; i. 2. 206), fine. F. brave, "brave, gay, fine, proud, braggard, valiant" (Cotgrave). butt (i. 2. 146). See note. candied (ii. 1. 269), congealed, crystallized (see note). Pers. qand, sugar, Skt. khándava, sweetmeats. cat o' mountain (iv. 1. 256). "Probably one of the smaller varieties of the leopard, and the name was apparently not strictly confined to one animal" (Wright). Thus Topsell gives it as a synonym for a leopard, Minsheu for a wild cat, and Florio for an ounce. catch (iii. 2. 111), a part-song. "Catch, round, or roundelay, and canon in unison are, in music, nearly the same thing. In all, the harmony is to be sung by several persons, and is so contrived that, though each sings precisely the same notes as his fellows, yet by beginning at stated periods of time from each other, there results a harmony of as many parts as there are singers. The catch differs only in that the words of one part are made to answer or catch the other, as 'Ah! how Sophia' sung like 'a house o' fire'." (Chappell, Popular Music of the Olden Time), quoted by Wright. certes (iii. 3. 30), certainly. O.F. certes, more fully, (according to Littré,) a certes<prob. late pop. Lat. a certis, on certain grounds. chanticleer (i. 2. 384), the cock. Originally a proper name: O.F. chantecler, the name of the cock in the O.F. romance, Reynard the Fox. It means 'the clear singer' <chanter, to sing, and cler, clear. chirurgeonly (ii. 1. 134), like a surgeon. Chirurgeon is the old spelling of surgeon. F. chirurgien < Gk. χειρουργός, a worker with the hands. chough (ii. 1. 256), red-legged crow. Cognate with O. E. ced; named from cawing. man. cockerel (ii. 1. 30), a young cock, applied satirically to a young A diminutive of cock; perhaps of Anglo-Fr. origin, but no such word found in O. F. dictionaries; perhaps of English formation; the termination seems to be the same as in haggerel, mongrel, pickerel. (See Murray.) coil (i. 2. 207), confusion, uproar. Gaelic goil, rage, battle. complexion (i. 1. 27), constitution<Lat. complexionem. It referred in M. E. "to the four Humours mixed in varying proportions in each human body; so Chaucer, 'of his complexion he was sanguin'. Thence it denoted as now (2) the outer appearance of the face as an index of temperament, and then (3) outer appearance in general. All three meanings are common in Shakespeare" (Herford). control (i. 2. 438), contradict, confute; the original meaning to 'check', 'verify' <O. F. contre-role, a duplicate register used to verify the official or first made roll. corollary (iv. 1. 57), a supernumerary. O. F. corolaire, "a corollarie; a surplusage, overplus, addition to, vantage above measure" (Cotgrave) <Lat. corollarium, a present of a garland, a gratuity. crab (ii. 2. 154), crab-apple. Skeat suggests that the word is perhaps allied to crab, the shellfish, i.e. pinching, sharp, sour. decked (i. 2. 155). See note. dew-lapped (iii. 3. 45), with a piece of loose skin hanging from the throat. The second element is O.E. lappa, pendulous piece, lappet, lobe; the first is uncertain. doit (ii. 2. 30). See note. dowle (iii. 3. 65). See note. drollery (iii. 3. 21). See note. ecstasy (iii. 3. 108), commotion of mind. Used in E.E. of any mental disturbance, whether due to joy, grief, or any other cause. O.F. ecstase, through the Latin, from Gk. ἵκστασις, displacement. eye (ii. 1. 52). See note. feater (ii. 1. 263), more gracefully; featly (i. 2. 379), nimbly, gracefully. flat-long (ii. 1. 172), with the flat side. There were some adverbs in O. E., originally dative feminine singular, ending in inga, unga, linga, lunga. A few of these, without the dative suffix, exist under the form ling or long, as headlong, sidelong, darkling, flatling, and flatlong. The last two words were specially used of a blow with the flat of a sword; cf. Spenser, Faerie Queene, v. 5. 18: "Tho with her sword on him she flatling strooke", and Sidney's Arcadia, in the description of Pamela's execution, "The pittilesse sword had such pittie of so precious an object that at first it did but hit flatlong". flote (i. 2. 234), sea<O. E. flot, cf. Germ. fluth. foison (ii. 1. 157; iv. 1. 110), plenty. O.F.foison <Lat.fusionem. foundered (iv. 1. 30). See note. frippery (iv. 1. 221), an oldclothes shop. Cotgrave translates O. F. friperie as "a friperie, broker's shop, street of brokers or of fripiers", and he defines fripier as "a mender or trimmer up of old garments, and a seller of them so mended"<O.F. fripper, to rub up and down, to wear to rags. gaberdine (ii. 2. 36), a long frock of coarse material. Extended from Span. gaban, a great coat with a hood. genius (iv. 1. 27). See note. See note. Cf. I Henry IV., ii. 3. 52: "Speak terms of manage to thy bounding steed". hests (i. 2. 274), commands< O. E. hæs, command. The final t is excrescent, as in whils-t, amongs-t. holp (i. 2. 63), helped. Curtailed from holpen, p. part. of O. E. helpan. inch-meal (ii. 2. 3), by inches. Compounded of inch <O.E. ynce, with mutation from Lat. uncia, and meal <O.E. malum, dat. plu. of mal, piece. Cf. piece-meal. inherit (iv. 1. 154), possess < O.F. enheriter<Lat. hereditare, 'to become heir to'. It often has the sense of 'possess' in poetry in E.E. by transfer from an act to its sequel. kibe (ii. 1. 266), chilblain. Welsh cibust = cib-grust, compounded from cib, a cup, and gust, a humour, malady; hence a 'cup-like malady', from the rounded form. The English word has preserved only the syllable cib, rejecting the latter syllable (Skeat). lakin (iii. 3. r). See note. lieu (i. 2. 123), literally 'place <Lat. locum. Hence in lieu of= 'in place of', 'instead of', and thus 'in return for'. main-course (i. 1. 32). See note. manage (i. 2. 70), management. Originally, like its immediate source, O.F. manège, a technical term for the management of horses. mantle (v. 1. 67), cover with a scum; cf. 'filthy-mantled pool' (iv. 1. 182). The verb is formed from the subs. mantle, a cloak or covering; M. E. mantel, O. F. mantel <Lat. mantellum, a napkin or covering. marmoset (ii. 2. 157), a small American monkey. The name, however, is older than the discovery of America, as Maundeville mentions "apes, marmozettes, babewynes". O. F. marmoset, translated by Cotgrave, "the cock of a cistern or fountain, any antick image from whose teats water trilleth, any puppet or antick". "Thus it meant a grotesque creature, orig. a grotesque ornament on a fountain. Formed by a Parisian change of r to s, as in chaise for chaire (a chair), from Low Lat. marmoretum, a thing made in marble, applied to fountains. At the same time, the transference in sense from 'drinkingfountain' to 'ape' was certainly helped on by confusion with F. marmot, a marmoset or little monkey" (Skeat). meddle (i. 2. 22), mix, mingle. M.E. medlen, O.F. medler<Low Lat. misculare, Lat. miscere. merely (i. 1. 50), entirely, absolutely Lat. merus, pure. minion (iv. 1. 98), favourite. < F. mignon, dainty, pleasing, kind. Same root as O. H. G. minna, 'memory', 'love', whence minnesinger=singer of love. moe (ii. 1. 127), more. "Μ.Ε. ma, mo, O.E. má, mæ, to mára, 'greater'; used (1) as a neut. subst., (2) as adv. The former usage, in which it was often coupled with a partitive gen., as 'ma manna, a greater number of men', i.e. 'more men', led to the E. E. use, in which it was treated as the comp. of |