himself by his gallantry at the siege of Carrickfergus, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. He afterwards fought at the Boyne, and was wounded at the assault of Limerick. At Athlone he was one of the first to enter the place at the head of the assailing force. He was there promoted to a company; and remained at Athlone doing garrison duty for about two years. His intelligence and high culture being well known, Rapin was selected by the king, on the recommendation of the Earl of Galway, as tutor to the Earl of Portland's eldest son, Viscount Woodstock. He accordingly took leave of the army with regret, making over his company to his brother, who afterwards attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. From this time, Rapin lived principally abroad in company with his pupil. While residing at the Hague, he resumed his favourite study of history and jurisprudence, which had been interrupted by his flight from France at the Revocation. After completing Lord Woodstock's education, Rapin settled at Wesel, where a number of retired refugee officers resided, and formed a very agreeable society. There he wrote his Dissertation on Whigs and Tories, and his wellknown History of England, founded on Rhymer's Fadera, a work of much labour and research, and long regarded as a standard work. Rapin died in 1725, at the age of sixty-four, almost pen in hand, worn out by hard study and sedentary confinement. Among the many able Huguenot officers in William's service, John de Bodt was one of the most distinguished. He had fled from France when only in his fifteenth year, and shortly after joined the Dutch artillery. He accompanied William to England, and was made captain in 1690. He fought at the Boyne and at Aughrim, and eventually rose to the command of the French corps of engineers. In that capacity he served at the battles of Steinkirk and Nerwinde; and at the siege of Namur he directed the operations which ended in the surrender of the castle to the allied army. The fort into which Boufflers had thrown himself was assaulted and captured a few days later by La Cave, at the head of 2000 volunteers; and William III. generously acknowledged that it was mainly to the brave refugees that he owed the capture of that important fortress. All through the wars in the Low Countries, under William III., Eugene, and the Duke of Marlborough, the refugees bore themselves bravely. Wherever the fighting was hardest, they were there. Henry de Chesnoi led the assault which gave Landau to the allies. At the battles of Hochstedt, Oudenarde, Malplacquet, and at the siege of Mons, they were conspicuous for their valour. Le Roche, the Huguenot engineer, conducted the operations at Lisle, "doing more execution," says Luttrell, "in three days, than De Meer, the German, in six weeks." The refugee Ligoniers served with peculiar distinction in the British army. The most eminent was Jean Louis afterwards Field Marshal Earl Ligonier, who fled from France into England in 1697. He accompanied the army to Flanders as a volunteer in 1702, where his extraordinary bravery at the storming of Liege attracted the attention of Marlborough. At Blenheim, where he next fought, he was the only captain of his regiment who survived. At Menin, he led the grenadiers who stormed the counterscarp. He fought at Malplacquet, where he was major of brigade, and in all Marlborough's great battles. At Dettingen, as lieutenant-general, he earned still higher distinction. At Fontenoy the chief honour was due to him for the intrepidity and skill with which he led the British infantry. In 1746 he was placed in command of the British forces in Flanders, but was taken prisoner at the battle of Lawfield. Restored to England, he was appointed commander-inchief and colonel of the First Foot Guards; and in 1770 the Huguenot hero died full of honours at the ripe age of ninety-two. Of the thousands of Protestant sailors who left France at the Revocation, many settled in the ports along the south and south-eastern coast of England; but the greater number entered the Dutch fleet, while a portion took service in the navy of the Elector of Brandenburg. Louis XIV. took the same steps to enforce conversion upon his sailors that he did upon the other classes of his subjects; but so soon as the sailors arrived in foreign ports, they usually took the opportunity of deserting their ships, and thus reasserting their liberty. In 1686 three French vessels, which had put into Dutch ports, were entirely deserted by their crews; and in the same year more than 800 experi enced mariners, trained under Duquesne, entered the navy of the United Provinces. When William sailed for England in 1688, the island of Zealand alone sent him 150 excellent French sailors, who were placed, as picked men, on board the admiral and vice-admiral's ships. Like their Huguenot fellow-countrymen on land, the Huguenot sailors fought valiantly at sea under the flag of their adopted country; and they emulated the bravery of the English themselves at the great naval battle of La Hogue a few years later. Many of the French naval officers rose to high rank in William's service, and acquired distinction by their valour on that element which England has been accustomed to regard as peculiarly her own. Amongst these may be mentioned the Gambiers, descended from a Huguenot refugee, one of whom rose to be a vice-admiral, and the other an admiral; the latter having also been raised to the peerage for his distinguished public services. CHAPTER XIII. HUGUENOT SETTLERS IN ENGLAND-MEN OF SCIENCE AND LEARNING. Or the half-million of French subjects who were driven It was not merely free religious thought that Louis XIV. sought to stifle in France, but free thought of all kinds. The blow struck by him at the conscience of |