TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

MORALITY AS THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE

I. THE GENERAL CLAIMS OF MORALITY

The practical necessity of morality, 1. The interplay

of dogmatism and scepticism, 4.

character of morality, 7.

The fundamental

II. GOODNESS IN GENERAL.

The dependence of value on life, 9. Definition of the

simpler terms of value. Goodness: the fulfilment of in-

"Good" and "good for," 12.

terest, II.

The moral organization of life, 13. Definition of the

terms of moral value. Moral goodness: the fulfilment of

an economy of interests, 15. Moral goodness and pleas-

ure, 16. Rightness or virtue, 18. Morality and life, 19.

IV.

MORALITY AND NATURE

The alleged artificiality of morality, 20. Morality and

the struggle for existence, 21. Morality and adapta-

tion, 22. Morality is natural if life is, 24.

V.

Morality and competitive struggle. Morality the con-

dition of strength, 24. The value of conflict, 25.

The elimination of conflict, 26. Morality and the love

of life, 27.

MORALITY AND CONFLICT

The effect of war on sentiment and the imagination, 28.

Real power is constructive, not destructive or repress-

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ive, 29. Moral heroism, 31. The saving or provident

character of morality, 32.

Morality and the consum-

mation of life, 33.

I. THE STAND-POINT OF RATIONALISM
AND INDIVIDUALISM

Modern individualism, 34. Distinguished from scepti-

cism, 36. The individual as the organ of knowledge,

37. Moral individualism as a protest against conven-

tion, 39. Duty as the rational ground of action, 40.

Reasonableness a condition of the consciousness of

duty, 41.

II. THE LOGIC OF PRUDENCE

Prudence as elementary, 43. Interest, action, and good-

ness, 43. The alleged relativity of goodness, 45. The

conflict of interests solved by conciliation, 48. The

limits of prudence, 49.

The adoption of new interests and the problem of pref-

erence, 50. A hypothetical solution of the problem, 51.

Solution in the concrete case through the organization

of a purpose, 53. The principle of the objective validity

of interests, 54. The principle of the quantitative basis

of preference, 55.

The private interest, 57. The personal factor negligible

in counting interests, 58. The refutation of egoism.

The first proposition of egoism, 59. The second prop-

osition of egoism, 61. Impartiality as a part of justice,

63. Justice as imputing finality to the individual, 64.

The equality of rational beings as organs of truth, 64.

Summary of justice, 66.

34

43

50

57

All interests are entitled to consideration, 67. Good-

will and the growth of new interests, 67.

VI.

DUTY AND THE IMAGINATION

The logical imagination, 69. Rationalism and incentive

to action, 70. Rationalism and faith, 71.

CHAPTER III

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69

Summary of the content and logic of moral value, 72.

Virtues as verified rules of life, 73. The material and

formal aspects of morality, 74. Materialism and form-

alism due to exaggeration, 75: The general impor-

tance of the conflict between the material and formal

motives, 76. Duty identified with the formal motive,

76. Formalism less severely condemned, 77. The five

economies of interest, 77. Summary of virtues and

vices, 79. Table, 81.

The simple interest not a moral economy, 82. Satis-

faction the root-value, and intelligence the elementary

virtue, 82. Incapacity, 83. Overindulgence the first

form of materialism, 84. It is due to lack of foresight,

85. Or to the complexity of interests, 86. Overindul-

gence as the original sin, 86.

III. THE RECIPROCITY OF INTERESTS

Prudence as a principle of organization, 87. Modera-

tion and thrift, 87. Honesty, veracity, and tact of the

prudential form, 88. The inherent value of the pru-

dential economy.

Individual and social health, 88.

Temperance and reason, 90. Prudential formalism, or

asceticism, 92. Asceticism illustrated by the Cynics,

92. Prudential materialism or sordidness, 94. Aimless-

ness or idleness, 94.

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87

IV. THE INCORPORATION OF INTERESTS.

Purpose as a principle of organization. Its intel-

lectual character, 95. The virtues subsidiary to pur-

pose, 95. Truthfulness in the purposive economy, 96.

The value of achievement, 97. The formalistic error
of sentimentalism, 98. Deferred living, 98. National-
ism, 99. Egoism and bigotry as types of materialism.
The pride of opinion, 100. Egoism and bigotry involve
injustice, 103. The meaning of injustice, 103.

V. THE FRATERNITY OF INTERESTS

Justice as a principle of organization, 105. Justice con-

ditions rational intercourse, 105. Discussion, freedom,

and tolerance, 106. Anarchism and scepticism, 107.

Laissez-faire, 108. Justice and materialism. Worldli-

ness, IIO. Ancient worldliness due to lack of pity, 110.

Modern worldliness due to lack of imagination, III.

The economy of good-will, 112. Good-will as the

condition of real happiness. Paganism and Christianity,

113. Merely formal good-will is mysticism, 116. Mys-

ticism perverts life by denying this world, 118. Quiet-

ism, 119. Mystical perversion of moral truth, 120.

The interworking of the formal and the material prin-

ciples, 121. Importance of the formal principle. Man-

ners and worship, 121.

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121

I. THE GENERAL THEORY OF PROGRESS

The philosophy of history, 123. The meaning of prog-

ress, 125. Progress and the quantitative basis of pref-

erence, 127. The method of superimposition as a test

of progress, 127.

123

123

The external principle: the pressure of an unfavorable

environment, 130. The external and the internal prin-

ciple, 131. The internally progressive type of society.

The importance of discussion, 132. Rationality the

internal principle of progress, 134. The positive mo-

tive: constructive reform, 134. Disinterested reflection

and the man of affairs, 136. Success depends on moral

capacity, 137. The negative motive: revolution, 139.

Christianity as a social revolution, 140. The French

Revolution, 141. Dependence of progress on the his-

torical connectedness of human life, 143.

III.

CONSERVATISM AND RADICALISM

Conservatism values the existing order, 144. Progress

requires the maintenance and use of order, 145.

real radical not the sceptic but the rationalist, 145. The

justification of the radical, 146.

The

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144

IV. PROGRESS IN THE INSTITUTION OF

GOVERNMENT

Institutions are permanent moral necessities, 147. Gov-

ernment as the interest both of the weak and of the

strong, 148. The moral necessity of government, 150.

The variable and progressive factor in government,

151. The principle of rationality in government, 152.

The benefits and cost of government in the ancient

military monarchy, 152. Solidarity of interest in the

Greek and Roman oligarchies, 154. Advance in liber-

ality in Athenian institutions, 156. The development

of modern institutions, 157. The modern idea of de-

mocracy, 158. Summary of the modern state. It is

territorial and impersonal, 160. The representative

method, 160. Emphasis on internal policy and inter-

national peace, 162.

V. THE QUALITY OF CONTEMPORARY LIB-

ERALISM

Democracy based not on pity but on enlightenment,

163. The respect for the opinion of those most inter-

ested, 164. The spirit of modern justice, 165. Sensi-

tiveness to life, 166. The allowance for growth, 167.

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163