deep well as source of supply. A deep well is one which does not depend for its supply on the ground water of the immediate locality of the well, but gets its supply from the water which lies imprisoned beneath one or more of the surface impermeable strata. The origin of these waters may be only several hundred feet or yards from the source at which tapped, or it may come from miles away, and always from higher ground than at the point at which tapped. If there be a heavy flow of water and source be considerably above the ground level at site of well, then a flowing or artesian well may result. In Ontario nearly all deep well waters are excellent waters. In some sections of country they are apt to be rather heavily mineralized or too hard for use other than for drinking or cooking, as owing to their hardness they require the use of too much soap for general cleaning purposes. In most parts of the country deep wells are drilled wells, because the ground

water of the surface penetrates to the rock. Deep well waters then, as a rule, are good waters, yet in my examination and analysis I find I have to condemn a fair number of samples from such wells. What is the trouble? Practically the same as in surface wells, i. e., lack of protection of the well itself so that contaminated ground water enters. What is the use of deepening or drilling a well if the drill hole is to be simply a drainage pit for the surface water. Such a well ought to be tightly curbed down to first impermeable stratum of rock or hard pan. This keeps out the upper ground and surface water and ensures the drawing of the deeper water. In the vast majority of the cases which I have investigated where contamination has occurred the trouble has been due to entrance of surface run of water or the surface well water and by taking such steps as were necessary to keep this out the trouble has ceased. Occasionally a case is met with, especially in fissured

rocks such as found particularly in limestone regions where contamination gains entry to well through some fissure which receives the contaminating drainage matter. Similar trouble at times occurs in deep wells driven in certain gravels, but is not at all common in my experience, though, perhaps, more common in wells passing into the deeper gravels of parts of Western Ontario.

Springs are but the cropping out of the surface ground water or of the deep imprisoned water constituting either surface or deep springs. Their waters are

the same as those of the surface or deep wells and are subject to same troubles.. Improper protection of the spring, so that surface waters gain free access, is decidedly the most common source of contamination. Springs, whose waters are employed for domestic use, should be protected from surface washings by curbing and proper drainage of any higher neighboring ground and should be fenced off or enclosed so as to keep out animals. As I have said before, the water from a deep spring, cold, clear, and sparkling, as it usually is, is the ideal drinking water of the average man-and an ideal water it may be, and usually would be,

if we took those simple precautions of protecting the immediate surroundings and the drainage area from pollution. That is, we must insist upon cleanliness of all soils from which seepage may occur into our wells and springs. The problem of clean rural water supplies can only be solved by attention to general cleanliness about the dwelling and about the well area. Proper elevation of well mouth, proper curbing and covering, cleanliness of soil about well are important factors. As important from the disease-carrying possibilities are the proper care of slop water of houses, the provision of sanitary privies, proper disposal of house waste,

prevention of contamination of drainage area of well from manure piles and

stables.

As I have already pointed out, pollution of well water may be present without seeming injury to health, especially of those accustomed to use such water, but trouble, especially diarrhoeal outbreaks, are very apt to occur if such water is used by those not accustomed to same. Actual disease, like typhoid, dysentery and cholera, only occurs if the germs of these diseases gain entry. These diseases do not develop de nova, for if they did our rural and village population would, with conditions which exist, have been swept away.

Surely, then, it is time we, in the Province of Ontario, awakened to the fact that so many of us in the villages and farm districts are drinking water containing bacteria derived from intestinal canals of man or animals, a diluted excreta. It is time, then, we took those necessary and not expensive steps which will ensure a cleaner supply, an absence of such bacteria. The good results will soon repay all expenditure in the conservation of health and the prevention of water-carried disease.

THE CHAIRMAN: Can you tell that the water is bad only by bacterial examination?

DR. CONNELL: The only answer I can make is that if you find the water is altered in character from what it was previously, it is well to be suspicious that some trouble has arisen and to have an analysis made.

The Provincial Board of Health of this Province will examine any water free of cost that is sent to the laboratories at Kingston and Toronto. Besides a bacteriological analysis, there is a chemical analysis which does not point out quite so readily where well water is polluted, as does the bacteriological analysis. Q. Is it bad to keep chickens near the well?

DR. CONNELL: Yes, it is just as bad as keeping other animals in the vicinity. Meeting adjourned.

EVENING SESSION.

The evening session of Thursday was held in Convocation Hall, Miss M. U. Watson of McDonald Institute, Guelph, presiding.

A WOMAN'S VIEW OF LIFE.

MRS. HORACE W. PARSONS.

Madam Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I want to touch in a very simple and brief manner some of the phases of woman and her responsibilities within her home. These last days we have been endeavouring, in a united way, to raise the standard higher for home and country; and yet, again, we would emphasize the fact that, as never in the past, Canada needs good homes and the world needs good mothers, if we are going to achieve anything and cry Excelsior. We need more joy in our home life. We are so prone to look upon the four walls that encircle us as a place to eat and sleep in; and the higher purpose is lost sight of, that it should be the spot on earth above all others where love and joy dwell and where peace is to be found, and where the business cares may be laid aside. The most comfortable home is one to be lived in, not looked at or partly shut up. This question of joy in the home is of vital importance to us all, especially to those who are mothers. The child and its education loom very largely on the horizon to-day, the good mothers throughout Ontario are studying out the problems of wider education as a means to better life equip

ment, and the child and its needs are the subject matter of many monthly magazines; so let us not overlook the vast importance of home environment. Happiness and goodness go hand in hand, as a rule. The normal child should be bubbling over with joy and we should provide some legitimate outlet for all the exuberance of spirits that the normal child should have. Keep birthdays and special anniversaries in some special manner; they not only provide the joy of the passing hour, but they serve as milestones of happy, remembered days; and these memories may later serve as an incentive to better things among the world's varied temptations. When it is so easy to bring joyous laughter by simple means, is it not well worth while to make the effort along this line and because the time is so short that the young birds are in the home nest, and they are gone before we realize their wings are strong enough to carry them. Be your children's companions, keep young with them, keep sweet if you can, and do not be too dignified to thoroughly enjoy as well as to provide their juvenile pleasures. Let us not be either afraid or ashamed to shew our affection at home. We are all so apt to kill the loving appreciative word, in case it should be taken for weakness, and never realize our mistakes unti it is too late to rectify them.

Oh, what silences we keep year after year,

With those who are most near to us and dear.
We speak of myriad things, yet seldom say

The full sweet word that lies beneath the common ground of common speech.
Then out of reach and out of life they go,

Those dear familiar friends who loved us so,
And sitting in the silence they have left,
Alone, with loneliness and sore bereft.

We think with vain regret of some kind word that once we might have said
And they have heard.

I do not purpose to delay long with the young child problem, for so many of us heard Mrs. Norman's words of burning earnestness this morning. I shall only touch the ground lightly. I am a plain woman, speaking to a practical audience, and the time has come when we must treat this subject in a plain way. The modern mother is very slow to learn that she must teach her child the life truths that tell of the origin of its own little life. Parents have chosen to taboo this subject and cover it up with fiction and falsehood, and have tried to silence the enquiring mind with suggestions that it is vulgar and impure to ask such questions. This is a question to be faced, and not ignored. If we can see only wrong in the subject, the wrong must be in us, for it surely never was in the Almighty's plan. It is absolutely impossible to keep your child ignorant of the meaning of life or its great fundamental principles. Is it a matter of such great difficulty, when you realize that all the world of nature everywhere is telling the same story of God's provision for the continuance and replacing of life? Then the only possibe thing to do is to be your child's reverent teacher yourself, and to make it feel that the subject is a sacred one, to be sacredly kept from the con versation of the play hour. Your child will then keep her innocence, and it will not be confounded with ignorance. How many a tale of shame and life-long sorrow would never have been written if the warning and instructing word had heen sounded. It is not fair to send your child even into the dust of the schoolroom without having fortified it against possible contamination. You wrong Divine in the child. It is not fair to send out either a boy or girl among temptations, without pointing out the danger posts. The best mothers are these plans to-day, and it is only the Canada of to-morrow that will testify to

the results.

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