I.

QUESTIONS.

Give the Past Tense and Past Participle of the following Strong Verbs: arise, beat, begin, bite, break, burst, climb, cling, come, do, drive, fali, fight, find, fling, freeze, give, go, grave, grind, heave, help, hold, know, melt, ride, rise, run, see, shave, shoot, sing, sink, speak, spin, spring, stand, steal, sting, stink, strike, swim, swing, take, wind, write.

2. Give the same forms of the following Weak Verbs:-bring, build, burn, buy, cost, creep, cut, deal, dwell, feed, feel, gild, hit, hurt, keep, knit, lead, leap, let, lose, mean, meet, put, rap, rid, rot, say, sell, send, set, shed, shred, shut, sleep, slit, smell, spell, spend, spill, spit, split, spread, sweat, sweep, teach, tell, think, thrust, wend, wet, whet.

3. Give the Present Participle and Past Participle of the Verbs to which the following Preterites belong:-saw, sawed, sewed, sued, sat, set, sod, sold, fell, felled, laid, lay, raised, rose, rang.

Show from forms still in use that melt, mow, swell, shear, were once of the strong conjugation.

Write the Past Participles of shoe, light, work, knit, speed.

5. Give the Past Tense and Past Participle of each of the following verbs:-fall, fell, hoe, sing, knot, ride, know, jump, go, tear, bear, steal, sit, sling, wring.

6. Give in two columns the 1st person singular of the Present and of the Past Tense Indicative of the verbs to which the following participles belong:-flown, lain, eaten, forsaken, set, clad, shown.

7. Write the Present Participles of die, dye, lie, forget, credit, acquit, sever, differ, infer, stop, hope, worship, marvel, singe, grieve.

8. Give in two columns the 1st person singular of the Present Indicative and the Past Participle of the verbs to which the following Past Tenses belong:-chose, swore, lay, cast, sprang, awoke, grew, hid.

9. Distinguish the forms of -ing in these sentences:-'I saw him riding yesterday.' 'This is my riding-horse.' 'Riding is pleasanter than walking.' 'The riding of the cavalry was excellent.' 'He is riding his cob.' 'He keeps his health by riding regularly.' 'Riding in the Row, I met the duke.' 'This curb is no good for riding.' 'He goes to the riding school.' 'I like riding.' 'I am very fond of riding.' 'He is gone a-riding. [In the last example, the a is a corruption of the preposition on.] 10. Distinguish by its appropriate name each of the following forms in -ing:

(a)

(6)

(c)

(a)

Writing yesterday he mentioned the matter to me.'

The writing of impositions sometimes spoils a good hand.'
Writing impositions sometimes spoils a good hand.'

'Lend me your writing-desk.'

II.

Parse the words in -ing in the sentence, ‘Darkling we went singing on our way, with our walking-sticks in our hands, weary of toiling in town.'

[Darkling is an adverb signifying 'in the dark,' formed from the adjective by the suffix -ling. The suffix in headlong is of the same origin and is unconnected with the adjective long.]

12. Write three sentences, each of them containing the word hunting. Use hunting in (1) as a verbal noun, in (2) as a participle, in (3) as a gerund.

13. What is the origin of the form of expression, ‘A house to let '?

14.

Write short notes explaining the use of the words in italics :

(1) The rose...would smell as sweet.'

(2) 'Better dwell in the midst of alarms.'

[On (1) see § 148 and for sweet § 194 (c).

(2) Dwell is the infinitive to dwell used as a subject of is understood: To dwell in the midst of alarms is better than to reign in this horrible place.' Macbeth says, Better be with the dead' (Macbeth, III. ii. 19), i.e. To be with the dead would be better.']

15. Draw up a scheme of tenses of the indicative mood of the verb

to go.

16. Give illustrations of the use of the present indefinite tense to express (a) past action in graphic narrative, (6) habitual action, (c) future action.

17. In the expressions (1) 'I had to go,' (2) 'I had rather go,' by what mood is had followed, and why?

18. Give four verbs which have only one form for present tense, past tense, and past participle; also four which have two forms; and four in which all these three parts are different in form.

19. How do you distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs? To which of these classes does the verb in the following sentence belong? Not a drum was heard.'

What are the transitive verbs corresponding to fall, lie, sit, rise?

20. Is any alteration necessary in the following sentence ?—' Stand the gun in the corner.'

[If stand can be used transitively, signifying 'make or cause to stand,' the sentence is right. We do use it in this way in conversation, but in the more formal literary language, the transitive set or place would be employed.]

21.

What class of verbs may be put into the passive voice? Change the verbs in the following sentence into the passive voice:

'The Persians attacked the Greeks again, but they did not make any impression on the little army.'

How have the subjects and objects been affected by the change?

22. Distinguish clearly between the meaning of 'It is destroyed,' 'He is deceived,' on the one hand, and that of 'It is fallen,' 'He is risen,' on the other. [See § 146.]

23. What does the infinitive mood express? Parse fully the verbs in the following:

'It is laughable to see beginners play.'

24. State the various ways in which the infinitive mood may be used. Give illustrative sentences.

25. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

"The lion, having laid down, roared loud.'

'As he lay down the weight, it slipped and has broke his arm.'
'A look of immovable endurance underlaid his expression.'

'He lay himself down.'

'Thou dashest him to earth-there let him lay.'

'I would not like to say that the pistol laid yesterday as it lies

now.'

'Will you lose that knot for me?'

'Will you allow my brother and I to finish what we have began ?' 'I had wrote to him the day before.'

'It was sang at the Philharmonic last year.'

Comment on any grammatical peculiarity in the lines

26.

'And while his harp responsive rung,

'Twas thus the latest minstrel sung.'

'The sun had rose and gone to bed

Just as if Partridge were not dead.'

Name the several moods of a verb, and show, with examples, how each mood answers to its name.

27. Is any alteration required in the following sentence?' He says he isn't going to go for it.'

[There is nothing formally wrong in saying 'going to go,' but the use of 'going,' in the sense of 'about,' to signify an action on the point of commencement, is avoided with the verb 'go' itself, though its employment might be defended more logically in this context than in such expressions as 'to be going to sit still,' 'to be going to stay here,' for if we continue to 'sit' and to 'stay,' we do not 'go' at all, and in saying that we do there is a contradiction in terms.]

28. Is it correct to say that the Infinitive Mood does not mark differences in the time of the action? Consider the forms to write, to have written, to be going to write, in answering the question.

tense.

[With regard to the expression to be going to write, we may remark that the combination of the verb go with to write does not constitute a Other circumlocutions, or roundabout modes of expression, might be employed to convey the same meaning, and these circumlocutions would have as good a claim to recognition, as forms of the future infinitive, as the phrase to be going to write: e.g. to be about to write, to be on the point of writing, to have the intention of writing. See § 164, (2).

With regard to the form to have written, the case is different. This is a genuine tense of the infinitive mood. But according to some authorities, the difference of meaning between to write and to have written is a difference of completeness, not of time. If I say, 'He seems to have written the copy correctly,'' He expects to have written the last chapter by to-morrow evening,' completed action, not past action, is expressed by the tense to have written. According to other authorities to write and to have written indicate, or at any rate may indicate, a difference of time. If I say, 'He seems to write his novels quickly,' to write expresses a habit, without any reference to time. If I say, 'He seems to have written his last novel quickly,' to have written marks the time as past.

29. What inflexions of nouns and verbs survive in modern English? How is it that there are so few?

Point out traces of some which have been lost.

30. Give examples from modern English of traces of inflexions which have fallen into disuse. How has the place of these lost inflexions been supplied?

31. Comment on the inflexion of each of the following words :geese, pence, brethren, vixen, whom, what, worse, eldest, could, did.

171

CHAPTER XVII.

AUXILIARY AND DEFECTIVE VERBS.

174. The Auxiliary Verbs, which supply the deficiencies of inflexions and enable us to mark distinctions of Voice, Mood, and Tense, in the conjugation of a verb, are these:be, have, shall, will, may, and do.

Be is used (1) as a Voice Auxiliary, forming with the Past Participle of transitive verbs the Passive: 'I am beaten,' 'to be beaten': and (2) as a Tense Auxiliary, forming the Imperfect Tenses in both voices: 'I am beating,' 'I am being beaten.'

Notice that, with the Past Participle of certain Intransitive verbs, be forms the Perfect Active: 'I am come,' 'He is gone,' 'It is fallen.' See p. 146.

Have is a Tense Auxiliary and forms the Perfect Tenses both Active and Passive: 'I have beaten,' 'I have been beaten,' 'I had beaten,' 'I shall have been beaten.'

Shall and will form the Future Tenses of the Indicative Mood, Active and Passive: 'I shall beat,' 'He will be beaten,' 'They will be beating,' 'We shall have been beaten.'

May and might, should and would, are used as signs of the Subjunctive: 'Strive that you may succeed,' 'He strove that he might succeed,' 'I should be glad,' 'This would seem to be the case.'