The sum-total of the inflexions of a verb is called its Conjugation. Voice is the form of a verb which shows whether the subject of the sentence stands for the doer or for the object of the action expressed by the verb. The Active Voice is that form of the verb which shows that the subject of the sentence stands for the doer of the action expressed by the verb. The Passive Voice is that form of the verb which shows that the subject of the sentence stands for the object of the action expressed by the verb. Mood is the form of a verb which shows the mode or manner in which the action is represented. The Indicative Mood contains the forms used (1) to make statements of fact, (2) to ask questions, and (3) to express suppositions in which the events are treated as if they were facts. The Imperative Mood contains the form used to give commands. The Subjunctive Mood contains the forms used to represent actions or states conceived as possible or contingent, but not asserted as facts. The Infinitive Mood is the form which denotes actions or states without reference to person, number, or time. A Gerund is a verbal noun in -ing which, when formed from a transitive verb, can take after it an object. A Participle is a verbal adjective. The active participle of a transitive verb differs from an ordinary adjective in taking an object. Tense is the form of a verb which shows the time at which the action is represented as occurring and the completeness or incompleteness of the action. A Simple Tense is one which is expressed by a single word. A Compound Tense is one which is expressed by the help of an auxiliary verb. Perfect and Imperfect are terms applied respectively to tenses denoting actions which are completed or in progress. A Weak Verb is one which forms its past tense by adding -ed, -d, or -t, to the present. A Strong Verb is one which forms its past tense by change of vowel without the addition of any suffix. Person is the form of a verb which shows whether the subject of the sentence stands for the speaker, for the person addressed, or for some other thing. An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb. A Conjunctive Adverb is one which joins sentences. A Preposition is a word which is used with a noun, or pronoun, to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. A Conjunction is a word, other than a relative pronoun or conjunctive adverb, which joins words and sentences. A Co-ordinating Conjunction is one which joins co-ordinate or independent clauses. A Subordinating Conjunction is one which joins a dependent clause to the principal clause. A Sentence is the complete expression of a thought in words. A Clause is a part of a sentence containing a finite verb. A Phrase is a collection of words without a finite verb. A Simple Sentence contains only one subject and one finite verb. A Compound Sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by co-ordinating conjunctions. A Complex Sentence contains two or more clauses, of which at least one is dependent. It might also be defined as a sentence which contains a clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction. The Subject of a sentence is the word which stands for the thing about which the assertion is made. The Predicate is the word by means of which the assertion is made. The Object of a verb is the word which stands for the thing towards which the action indicated by the verb is directed. Concord is the agreement of two or more connected words as regards their gender, number, case, or person. Government is the influence exercised upon the case of a noun, or pronoun, by another word. Order is the arrangement of words in a sentence. When one noun is used to explain another, it is put in the same case and is said to be in Apposition. A noun, or pronoun, and a participle, which are independent in construction of the rest of the sentence, are said to be in the Absolute construction. Ellipsis is the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence. Pleonasm is redundancy or excess of expression. Solecism is an error in grammar or pronunciation. Anomaly is the name given to any irregularity of accidence. Anacoluthon is the confusion of two constructions. The deviation of a word from its right construction, owing to the improper influence of some adjacent word, is said to be due to Attraction. Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions. Polysyndeton is the redundant use of conjunctions. Composition is the formation of a word by joining words together. Derivation is the formation of a new word (1) by adding to a word a part not significant by itself, or (2) by modifying an existing sound. A sound not significant by itself which is added to a word to form a derivative is called an Affix. Attached at the beginning of a word it is called a Prefix, attached at the end, a Suffix. A Hybrid is a compound or derivative containing elements which come from different languages. A Syllable consists of a single vowel sound with or without accompanying consonants. Analysis is the resolution of a sentence into its essential parts. Parsing is the statement of the part of speech to which a word belongs, its inflexion if it has any, and its syntactical relations with other words in the sentence. An Alphabet is the complete collection of the letters used in writing a language. A Phonetic System of spelling is one in which words are written according to their sound. W. E. G. 19 Orthographical expedients are devices by which the deficiencies of an alphabet are supplied. Accent is the stress of the voice laid upon a syllable in a word. Emphasis is the stress of the voice laid upon a word or words in a sentence. Metathesis is a transposition of letters in a word. Umlaut is the modification of a root-vowel owing to the influence of a suffix. Changes in words arising from a desire to economise effort in speech are said to be due to Euphony. A Vowel is a sound by the aid of which any consonantal sound can be audibly produced. A Consonant is a sound which will not enable us to produce audibly sounds which are by themselves almost inaudible. A Diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds in the same syllable. 291 APPENDIX II. PASSAGES FOR ANALYSIS. 1. Who is this?—Why are you so late?-Give me your hand.-To bliss domestic he his heart resigned.-There is said to have been a battle.-He will succeed or die.-Twilight's soft dews steal o'er the village green. Let me stay at home.—His horse being killed, he was taken prisoner.-Your voiceless lips, O flowers, are living preachers. 2. Whatever the consequences may be, I shall go my way.—Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.-No other allegorist has ever been able to make abstractions objects of terror, of pity, and of love.-None but the brave deserves the fair. This is made of the same material as that. 3. Who will undertake it, if it be not also a service of honour?— Won is the glory, and the grief is past.—It is not true that he said that. -Plain living and high thinking are no more.—To the great virtues of that gentleman I shall always join with my country in paying a just tribute of applause. 4. 5. 6. I am monarch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's close, Hope for a season bade the world farewell, And Freedom shrieked as Kosciusko fell. 8. 9. Where danced the moon on Monan's rill, In lone Glenartney's hazel shade. He that has light within his own clear breast |