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427. In a very curious tract, entitled, "A Dyetorie or Regiment of Health," by Andrew Boorde, of Physike Doctor, 8vo., first printed in 1547, the following directions are given how a man should build his house or mansion; from which it appears that there were certain leading points for the guidance of the architect, founded, of course, they were on the habits of the time. "Make," says our friend Andrew, "the hall of such fashion that the parlor be annexed to the head of the hall, and the buttyre and pantrye at the lower ende thereof; the cellar under the pantrye sett somewhat at a base; the kechyn sett somewhat at a base from the buttrye and pantrye; coming with an entrie within, by the wall of the buttrie; the pastrie house and the larder annexed to the kechyn. Then divyde the logginges by the circuit of the quadrivial courte, and let the gatehouse be opposite, or against the hall doore; not directly, but the hall doore standyng abase of the gatehouse, in the middle of the front enteringe into the place. Let the prevye chamber be annexed to the great chamber of estate, with other chambers necessary for the buildinge; so that many of the chambers may have a prospecte into the chapell." Some of the principal innovations in the early Tudor style, were the introduction of gatehouses, bay windows, and quadrangular areas, matters rather incompatible with buildings constructed for defence. The materials of these palaces and mansions were of freestone and brick, according to the facility with which from the situation they could be procured. Sometimes, indeed often, these inaterials were mixed. Moulded brickwork and terra cotta were introduced for ornamental parts by Trevigi and Holbein towards the end of the period, or, perhaps strictly speaking, at the end of it. The brickwork was occasionally plastered and pointed as at Nonsuch. At Layer Marney and other places, bricks of two colours highly glazed were used for variegating the surface, and were formed into lozenges. The chimney shafts seem to have exhausted invention in the twisted and diapered patterns into which they were wrought, and decorated with heads and capitals and cognizances of the founders. The gateways were prominent features in these edifices, and the most expensive ornaments were lavished on them. That at Whitehall, designed by Holbein, was constructed with differently coloured glazed bricks, over which were appended four large circular medallions of busts, still preserved at Hatfield Peveril, Herts. This gateway contained several apartments, among which not the least remarkable was the study wherein Holbein chiefly received his sitters. The gateways at Hampton Court and Woolterton were very similar to this.

428. We will here digress a little on the bay window which, as generally understood. was simply a projecting window between two buttresses (whence its name, as occupying a bay of the building), and almost universally placed at the end of the room. It was invented about a century before the Tudor age, in which it usually consisted on the plan of right angles intersected by circles, as in the buildings at Windsor by Henry VIII., and at Thornbury Castle. When placed at the end of a great hall, it extended in height from the floor to the ceiling, and was very simple and regular in its form. In a MS. at the Herald's College relating to an entertainment given at Richmond by Henry VII., the following passage occurs, and may be taken as descriptive of one of the purposes to which it was applied. Agaynst that his grace had supped: the hall was dressed and goodlie to be seene, and a rich cupboord sett thereup in a baye window of IX or X stages and haunces of hight, furnissed and fulfilled with plate of gold, silver, and regilte." Carved wainscotting in

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panels, generally of oak, lined the lower part of the halls with greater unity of design and execution than heretofore; and it now found its way into parlours and presence chambers with every variety of cyphers, cognizances, chimeras, and mottoes, which in the castles of France about the age of Francis I. were called Boisseries. Of these some curious specimens still remain in the hall and chambers of the dilapidated mansion of the Lords de La Warre at Halnacre in Suffolk. The area or court was quadrangular, and besides the great staircase near the hall, there were generally hexangular towers containing others: indeed, they were usually to be found in each angle of the great court, rising above the parapets, imparting a pleasant and picturesque effect to the mass of building, and grouping well with the lofty and ornamented chimneys of which we have above spoken.

429. It is melancholy to reflect upon the disappearance of these mansions which were once the ornaments of the provinces, and now one by one falling fast away by the joint operation of what is called repair and by decay. Most of their remains have been removed to raise or to be incorporated with other buildings for which they might have well been spared.

430. The characteristics of the style are arches, universally flat, and wide in proportion to their height (fig. 200.). Windows, much more open than in the last period, flatter at the top, and divided in the upper part by transoms, which are almost constantly crowned with embattled work in miniature. The ceilings or vaultings spread out into such a variety of parts, that the whole surface appears covered with a web of delicate sculpture or embroidery thrown over it; and from different intersections of this ribbed work, clusters of pendant ornaments hang down, as Mr. Millers observes, like "stalactites in caverns." The f ing buttresses are equally ornamented, and the external surfaces of the walls are one mass of delicate sculpture. The ornaments, as may be deduced from the above particulars, are lavish and profuse in the highest degree. Fretwork. figures of men and animals, niches and tabernacles, accompanied with canopies, pedestals, and traceries of the most exquisite workmanship, carried this style to the summit of splendour; and all these combined, had, perhaps, no small share in producing the extinction it was doomed to undergo. (See Book 111. Chap. 3.) 431. Scotland boasts of many fine specimens of ecclesiastical architecture. The abbeys of Melrose and Kelso, founded by David I., as well of those of Dryburgh and Jedbu gh, all in Roxburghshire, prove that the art advanced to as great perfection north of the Tweed, as it did in England. Roslin chapel, erected by Sir William St. Clair, for richness and variety of ornamental carvings cannot be exceeded; its plan is without parallel in any other specimen of the fifteenth century. Holyrood chapel was finished in 1440 by James II., and is a beautiful example; the flying buttresses are more ornamented than any even in England. 432. Examples of the Florid Gothic or Tudor style are to be seen at the cathedral churches--of Gloucester, in the chapel of Our Lady; at Oxford, in the roof of the choir; at Ely, in Alcock's chapel; at Peterborough, in Our Lady's chapel, and at Hereford, in the north porch. In conventual churches, at Windsor, St. George's chapel; at Cambride, King's College chapel; at Westminster, King Henry VII.'s chapel; at Great Malvern, in Worcestershire, the tower and choir; at Christ Church, Oxford, the roof of the choir, and at Evesham Abbey, in Worcestershire, the campanile and gateway.

Fig. 200. TUDOR ARCH, ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL.

433. For parochial churches, we are unable to refer the reader to a complete specimen, in all its parts, of the Tudor style. The pulpit and screen at Dartmouth in Devonshire, are worthy of notice, and Edyngdon Church, Wilts, for its transitional features.

434. This section will be closed by a tabular view of the promoters, dates of erection, and dimensions, of the different cathedrals of England, arranged from the best modern authorities, such as The Cathedrals of England, by John Britton; Worcester and Lincoln, by C. Wild; Carlisle, by R. W. Billings; Cunterbury, by W. Woolnoth; which are the best architectural illustrations of these structures; Prof. Wilis's Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, 1845, must be referred to by all students; while Murray's Handbooks to the English and Welsh Cathedrals, besides the careful historical information contained in

them, are profusely illustrated with woodcuts of exterior and interior views, tombs, shrines, and other interesting details. The Journals of the two Archeological Societies also contain carefully prepared accounts of many of these structures. (All inside dimensions.) BRISTOL CONVENTUAL CHURCH, AUGUSTINIAN (Holy Trinity).

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See founded 1541. The chapter house and vestibule, 1155-70, is now 42 ft. by 25 ft. The Elder Lady chanel dates 1196-1215, and the roof, 1283-94. The stalls were put up by R. Elliot. The internal length is 173 ft.. the breadth 118 ft. The chapter house rebuilt 1833 by Mr. Pope; 1855, choir rearranged and sedilia restored by T. S. Pope; tower arches rebuilt about 1865 by J. Foster; nave building 1875 by G. E. Street, K.A. CANTERBURY-CATHEDRAL CHURCH, BENEDICTINE (Christ Church).

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See founded 6·1. The original Norman structure of Archbishop Lanfranc, 1070-86, was rebuilt after the canonisation of Thomas à Becket. The architects of the new choir were William of Sens, 1175-78. and William the Englishman, 1179-84 The chapter house, dating 1264 and 1391-1411, is 87 ft. long by 35 it. wide and 52 ft. high The cloisters are 134 ft square. This cathedral forms a double cross, and has a lofty crypt. At the eastern end and projecting beyond the general line of the plan is the "corona "Becket's crown," of the shape of about three fourths of a circle. The internal length is 514 ft, and breadth 149 ft. 6 in. Restorations 1820-48 by G. Austin, and later by H. G. Austin.

CARLISLE-CATHEDRAL CHURCH, AUGUSTINIAN CANONS (S. Mary).

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See found, d 1133. The east window, of late Decorated work 32 ft wide, is perhaps the most beautiful in the world: see Billings's Carlisle Cathedral. The refectory is 79 ft. long and 27 ft. wide. The internal length is 205 ft. and breadth 131 ft. 6 in. Restorations 1853-57 by Ewan Christian.

CHESTER-CONVENTUAL CHURCH, BENEDICTINE (S. Werburgh).

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See founded 1541. The chapter house was built, cir. 1128, by Earl Ranulf. The refectory, now the King's School; other remains of the monastery. The internal length is 348 ft. 6 in. and breadth 180 ft. Restoration of the choir, 1844, by R. C. Hussey; 1855, Lady chapel; 1868, by Sir G. G. Scott.

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See founded 707. The church founded by bishop Seffrid II, upon that of bishop Ralph. There are four aisles to the nave. The external length is 411 ft. 3 in.; internal length 380 ft. and breadth 129 ft. Restorations 1847-56 by R. C. Carpenter; since 1859 by W. Slater. The central tower fell March 21, 1861, and rebuilt by Sir G. G. Scott, and W. Slater.

DURHAM - CATHEDRAL CHURCH, BENEDICTINE (S. Cuthbert).

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See founded 635. The chapel of the Nine Altars was begun about 1230, forming a sort of transept at the end of the choir. This cathedral is remarkable from the pillars of its nave, which are curiously striated. The Galilee or Lady chapel, at the west end, begun by Hugh de Pudsey (1153-95), 48 ft. by 76 ft. 6 in., aud finished by Bishop Langley (1406-37). The chapter house dates 1138-43. The cloisters erected by Bishop Skirlaw, 1388-1405-37, are about 146 ft. square; the dormitory is now the new library. The internal length is 420 ft. and breadth 172 ft. Repairs were made 1778-1800 by James Wyatt, and since 1859 by Sir G. G. Scott.

- CATHEDRAL CHURCH, BENEDICTINE (S. Etheldreda and S. Peter).

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See founded 1108. The octagon tower and choir stalls were designed by Alan de Walsingham, a monk, 1322-42; and perhaps the Lady chapel 1321-49, which is without aisles, and is internally 100 ft. long, 46 ft. wide, and 60 ft. high to its vaulting. The Galilee chapel, at the western end, by Bishop Eustace, 1198-1215, is 40 ft. long. The chantries, are Bishop Alcock's 1486-1500, and Bishop West's 1515-53. The exterior length is 565 ft. from the west front to the east face of buttresses; the internal length is 517 ft. and breadth 178 ft. 6 in. Restorations from 1830 by John Bacon, clerk of the works; and 1852 by Sir G. G. Scott.

EXETER - CATHEDRAL CHURCH, BENEDICTINE (S. Peter).

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See founded 1050. The general plan of the church is that designed by Bishop Quivil. The west front is celebrated for the display of a series of statues of kings, warriors, saints, and apostles, guardians as it were of the entrance, arranged in three rows. The lower part of the chapter house dates from about Bishop Brewer's time (1224-14); the upper part is by Bishop Lucy (1420-55); the ceiling richly decorated by Bishop Bothe (1465-78). The cloisters, which are only perfect on one side, are by Bishop Brantyngham, 1370-94. The "Fabric Rolls" of this Cathedral are interesting records. The internal length is 378 ft. 5 in. and the breadth 139 ft. The Lady chapel was restored, 1822, by John Kendall.

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