found in a preceding page. The sculpture with which this building was decorated is now at Munich. Though, perhaps, not so old as the building itself, it is of an antiquity coeval with the Persian invasion. The name of the architect of this temple was Libon, of whom no other work is known; its age is, perhaps, from about 600 years before Christ. The Doric temple at Corinth, of which five columns, with their architrave, are still in existence, is a very early specimen of Grecian architecture. The assertion that it was dedicated to Venus is unsupported by testimony.

147. The Grecian temples in Sicily were erected at periods which it is not easy to fix; and with respect to them, we can only, from circumstances connected with the island, reason on the dates to be assigned to them. The founding of the city of Selinus or Selinuns, on the south-west coast of the island, has usually been attributed to a colony from Megara; but we are of opinion with the Baron Pisani (Memoria sulle Metope Selinuntine) that it existed as a Phoenician city long previous to the settlement there by the Megaræans. The style and forms of the sculpture of the Selinuntine temples seem to bear marks of a remoter age than is usually allowed to them, that is, 500 B. C.; they are dated 600 в.c. by Angell & Evans. (See B. III.) Of the means and the circumstances under which the temples were raised we are ignorant; but their ruins sufficiently indicate the wealth and power that were employed upon them, as well as a considerably advanced state of the art. 148. The temple of Jupiter Olympius, the largest in the island, and one of the most stupendous monuments of antiquity, was, as we learn from Diodorus (lib. xiii. p. 82.), never completed. The Agrigentines were occupied upon it when the city was taken by Hamilcar, cir. 247 B. c. Its columns were on such a scale that their flutes were sufficiently large to receive the body of a man. The temples of Peace and of Concord, in the few vestiges that remain of them, attest the ancient magnificence of the city of Agrigentum, and are among the most beautiful as well as the best preserved remains of antiquity. A Corinthian colony established itself at Syracuse, as is said, 750 B. C.; but no details of the history of the city furnish us with the means of ascertaining when the first temples there were erected. Its riches and magnificence were, however, such that it soon became an object of temptation to the Carthaginians. Its temple of Minerva is evidently of very remote antiquity.

149. The great Hypæethral temple at P'æstum was probably constructed during the period that the city was under the power of the Sybarites, who dispossessed its original inhabitants, enjoying, for upwards of two hundred years, the fruits of their usurpation. Marks of Greek art are visible in it, and the antiquity of the Hypæthral temple itself is confirmed by the example. The city fell into the hands of the Lucanians about 350 years B.C.; after which, in about 70 years, it was a municipal town of the Roman empire. The following is perhaps the chronological order of the principal buildings of Sicily and Magna Græcia, viz. Syracuse, Pæstum, Selinus, Segeste, and Agrigentum.

The

150. The dates of the edifices at Athens are, without difficulty, accurately fixed. Propylæum (figs. 97 and 98.) was commenced by Mnesicles about 437 B. c., and, at a great

expense, was completed in five years. It is a specimen of the military architecture of the period, and at the same time forms a fine entrance to the Acropolis of Athens. At the rear

of its Doric portico the roof of the vestibule was supported within by two rows of Ionic columns, whose bases still remain. By the introduction of these an increased height was obtained for the roof, the abaci of the Ionic capitals being thus brought level with the ex

terior frieze of the building.

soft

PLAN OF THE PARTHENON.

The Parthenon (figs. 99. and 100.) erected a few years later under the superintendence of Ictinus, is well known as one of the finest remains of antiquity

As well as the building last mentioned, it was reared at the period when Pericles had the management of public affairs, and was without a rival in Athens. Phidias was the superintendent sculptor employed; and many of the productions which decorated this magnificent edifice have doubtless become known to the reader in his visits to the British Museum, where a large portion of them are now deposited. Nearly coeval with the Propylæum and Parthenon, or perhaps a little earlier, is the temple of Theseus (fig. 101.), which was, it is supposed, erected to receive the ashes of the national hero, when removed from Scyros to Athens. The ruins of the architectural monuments of this city attest that the boasted power and opulence of Greece was not an idle tale. Pericles, indeed, was charged by his enemies with having brought disgrace upon the Athenians by removing the public trea

sures of Greece from Delos, and lavishing them in gilding their city, and ornamenting it

with statues and temples that cost a thousand talents, as a proud and vain woman tricks herself out with jewels (Plutarch's Life of Pericles.) The temple of Minerva, at Sunium, was probably by Ictinus; but one of the happiest efforts of this architect was the temple of Apollo Epicurius, in Arcadia, still nearly entire. The peculiarities found in it we will shortly detail. The front has six columns, and instead of thirteen in each flank (the usual number) there are fifteen. In the interior, buttresses on each side, to the number of six, re

turn inwards from the walls of the cell, each ending in semicircular pilasters of the Ionic order. These seem to have been brought up for the facility of supporting the roof, which was of stone. With the exception of the temple of Minerva at Tegea, its reputation for beauty was such, that it surpassed, if that be a true test, all other buildings in Peloponnesus. Its situation is about three or four miles from the ruins of Phigalia, on an elevated part of Mount Cotylus, commanding a splendid landscape, which is terminated by the sea in the distance. 151. About 370 B.C., Epaminondas restored the Messenians to independence, and built the city of Messene. The ruins still extant prove that the art at that period had not materially declined. Its walls, in many parts, are entire, and exhibit a fine example of Grecian military architecture in their towers and gates. At no distant time from the age in question the portico of Philip of Macedon, at least his name is inscribed on it, shows that the Doric order had undergone a great change in its proportions. This portico must have been erected about 338 B. c., and after it the Ionic order seems to have been more favoured and cultivated. The last example of the Doric is perhaps the portico of Augustus, at Athens. 152. Before proceeding to the investigation of the Ionic order, it may here, perhaps, be as well to speak of the proportions between the length and breadth of temples, as compared with the rules given by Vitruvius (book iv. chap. 4.), that the length of a temple shall be double its breadth, and the cell itself in length one fourth part more than the breadth, including the wall in which the doors are placed. Though in the Greek examples these proportions are approximated, an exact conformity with the rule is not observed in any. The length, for instance, of the temple of Jupiter, at Selinus, is to the breadth as 2.05 to 1; in the temple of Theseus, as 2-3 to 1; and from the mean of six examples of the Doric order, selected in Greece and Sicily, is 2-21 to 1. If the flanks be regulated in length by making the number of intercolumniations exactly double those in front, it will be immediately seen that the proportions of Vitruvius are obtained on a line passing through the axes of the columns. But as in most of the Greek temples the central intercolumniation in front is wider than the rest, the length of the temple would necessarily be less than twice the width. In the earlier specimens of the Doric order the length is certainly, as above mentioned in the temple of Jupiter at Selinus, very nearly in accordance with the rule; but in order to counteract the effect of the central intercolumniation being wider, the number of columns, instead of intercolumniations on the flank, is made exactly double those in front. In the later examples, however, as in the temples of Theseus and the Parthenon, and some others, the number of intercolumniations on the flank was made double the number of columns in the front, whence the number of columns on the flanks was double the number of those in front and one more; so that the proportion became nearly in the ratio of 2.3 to 1. The simplicity which flowed from these arrangements in the Grecian temples was such that it seems little more than arithmetical architecture, -so symmetrical that from the three data, the diameter of the column, the width of the intercolumniation, and the number of columns in front, all the other parts might be found.

153. The IONIC order, at first chiefly confined to the states of Asia Minor, appears to have been coeval with the Doric order. The most ancient example of it on record is the temple of Juno, at Samos. Herodotus (Euterpe) says, it was one of the most stupendous edifices erected by the Greeks. In the Ionian Antiquities (2d edit. vol. i. c. 5.) is to be found an account of its ruins. It was erected about 540 years B. C., by Rhacus and Theodorus, two natives of the island. The octastyle temple of Bacchus, at Teos, in whose praise Vitruvius was lavish, shows by its ruins that the old master of our art was well capable of appreciating the beauties of an edifice. Hermogenes, of Alabanda, was its architect, and he seems to have been the promoter of a great change in the taste of his day. Vitruvius

(lib. iv. c. 3.) tells us that Hermogenes, "after having prepared a large quantity of marble for a Doric temple, changed his mind, and, with the materials collected, made it of the Ionic order, in honour of Bacchus." We are bound, however, to observe upon this, that the story is not confirmed by any other writer. It is probable that this splendid building was raised after the Persian invasion; for, according to Strabo (lib. xiv.), all the sacred edifices of the Ionian cities, Ephesus excepted, were destroyed by Xerxes. Besides this octastyle temple, those of Apollo Didymæus, near Miletus, built about 376 B.C., and of Minerva Polias, at Priene, dedicated by Alexander of Macedon, are the chief temples of this order of much fame in the colonies. We shall therefore confine our remaining remarks to the three Ionic temples at Athens, and shall, as in the Doric order, subjoin a synoptical view of their detail.

154. We here see that the Ionic column varies in height from eight diameters and nearly à quarter to nearly nine and a half, and the upper diameter in width between 8 and 816 The dissimilarity of the capitals renders it impossible to compare them. The mean height of the entablature is about a fourth of the height of the whole order. The height of the Grecian Ionic cornice may be generally considered as two-ninths of the whole entablature. 155. The age of the double temple of Minerva Polias (fig. 102.) and Erectheus has

now been stated as not completed in B.C. 409, at which time a committee was appointed to report on its condition. Fergusson, On the Erechtheum, read at the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1875-76, and 1878-79.

156. In the bases applied to the order in the Athenian buildings there are two tori, with a scotia or trochilus between them, a fillet below and above the scotia separating it from the tori. The lower fillet generally coincides with a vertical line let fall from the extreme projection of the upper torus. In the temple on the Ilyssus the lower fillet projects about balf the distance between the hollow of the scotia and the extremity of the inferior torus. The height of the two tori and scotia are nearly equal, and a bead is placed on the upper

torus for the reception of the shaft of the column. The temples of Erectheus and that on the Ilyssus have the lower tori of their bases uncut, whilst the upper ones are fluted horizontally. In that of Minerva Polias, the upper torus is sculptured with a guilloche. The base just described is usually denominated the ATTIC BASE, though also used in the colonies. The bases, however, of the temples of Minerva Polias at Priene, and of Apollo Didymæus near Miletus, are very differently formed.

157. The VOLUTE, the great distinguishing feature of the order, varies considerably in the different examples. In the edifices on the Ilyssus and at Priene, as well as in that of Apollo Didymæus, the volute has only one channel between the revolutions of the spiral; whilst in those of Erectheus and Minerva Polias, at Athens, each volute is furnished with two distinct spirals and channels. In the temple on the Ilyssus, the capital is terminated a little below the eye of the volute; in the others it reaches below the volutes, and is decorated with honeysuckle flowers and foliage. The number of flutes, which on the plan are usually elliptical, is twenty-four, and they are separated by fillets from cach other. In some examples they descend into the apophyge of the shaft.

158. The tomb of Theron, at Agrigentum, in which Ionic columns and capitals are crowned with a Doric entablature, has, by some, been quoted as an example of the Ionic order; but we do not believe it to be of any antiquity, and, if it were, it is so anomalous a specimen that it would be useless to pursue any inquiry into its foundation.

159. In the antæ or pilasters of this order, as well as of the Doric, their capitals differ In profile from the columns, and are never decorated with volutes. Their breadth is usually less than a diameter of the column, and they are not diminished.

160. The highest degree of refinement of Greek architecture is exhibited in its examples of the Corinthian order, whose distinguishing feature is its capital. We have, in a preceding page (139), given Vitruvius's account of its origin; but we much doubt whether Callimachus was its inventor.

161. The capitals of Egyptian columns are so close upon the invention, that we apprehend it was only a step or two in advance of what had previously been done. The palm leaf, lotus flower, and even volutes, had been used in similar situations in Egypt, and the contour of the lotus flower itself bears no small resemblance to the bell of the Corinthian capital.

Fig. 103. CHORAGIC MONUMENT OF

LYSICRATES.

use.

162. We are inclined to assign the period of the latter part of the Peloponnesian war as that in which the order first came into We find from Pausanias (Arcad. c. 45.) that Scopas, the celebrated architect of Paros, rebuilt the temple of Minerva at Tegaa, which was destroyed by fire about 400 years B. c., and that, according to that author, it was the largest and most beautiful edifice in the Peloponnesus. The cell, which was hypæthral, was surrounded by two ranks of Doric columns, which were surmounted by others of the Corinthian order. The peristyle of this temple was Ionic.

163. The delicacy of formation of this order has, doubtless, subjected its examples to earlier destruction and decay than have attended the other orders: hence our knowledge of it is almost confined to the examples we meet of it in the Tower of the Winds, and the Choragic monument of Lysicrates (fig. 103.), both at Athens; the former whereof can scarcely be considered Corinthian, and the latter not very strictly so. It was erected about 330 years B.C., as appears from the inscription on the frieze. These Choragic buildings, usually of small dimensions, were erected in honour of those who, as choragi or leaders of the chorus in the musical games, were honoured with the prize, which was a tripod. The following are the proportions observed in the Choragic monument of Ly sicrates:

From which it appears that the entablature is less than a fifth of the total height of the order. The intercolumniations are 2.200 diameters. The base is little different from that used in the Ionic order.

164. In the ornaments applied for the decoration of the sacred edifices of the Greeks,