CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

CHAPTER I.

THE LAWS OF HEAT, FLUIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES, AND VAPOURS.

Heat-Temperature-Absolute zero-Transference of heat-Radiation

of heat-Conduction of heat-Convection of heat-Expansion by

heat-Latent heat-Heat capacity-Specific heat-Sources of

heat-Chemical combination-Combustion-Unit of heat-

Fluids-Specific gravity-Gases-Compression and expansion of

gases-Latent heat of gases-Free expansion-Mixture of gases—

Pressure of gases-Volume and pressure of gases-Unit of

pressure — Liquefaction of gases - Critical temperature and

pressure Isothermal and adiabatic expansion and compression-

Absorption of gases-Vapours-Saturated vapours-Boiling-
Latent heat of vaporization-Permanent gases

-

CHAPTER II.

THERMO-DYNAMICS AND ENTROPY.

13-25

The two laws-Heat and work-Adiabatic expansion and compression

- Isothermal expansion and compression - Unavailability -

Carnot's cycle-Entropy-Internal energy-Reversed cycle and

principle of refrigeration-Properties of carbonic acid-Calcula-

tion of entropy - Complete discussion of actual refrigerating

cycles-Carbonic acid machines working without superheating

and with expansion cylinder-Carbonic acid machine workings

without superheating and with expansion valve-Carbonic acid

machines working with superheating — Ammonia machines

working without superheating and with expansion cylinder-

Ammonia machines working without superheating but with

expansion valve-Ammonia machines working with superheating
and expansion cylinder-Influence of condenser temperature

CHAPTER III.

HISTORICAL.

26-63

Class I. The freezing mixture-Class II. Machines using gas, or cold-air

machines-Class III. Machinery which produces its refrigerating

effect by the evaporation of some volatile liquid having a low

boiling-point-The compression process-The binary system

64-78

CHAPTER IV.

THE PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA AND CO2.

Ammonia-Ammonia accidents-First aid-Carbonic anhydride-

The properties of CO2-The manufacture of CO2-Cylinders for

liquid NH, or CO2

79-96

CHAPTER V.

TYPES OF MACHINES.

The De la Vergne refrigerating machine-The Frick Company's

Eclipse machine-The Haslam machine--The Hercules machine

-The Linde machine-The Pontifex machine-The Triumph

machine-Carbonic anhydride refrigerating machines-The com-

pressor-The condenser - The evaporator General considera-

tions
97-119

CHAPTER VI.

THE REFRIGERATING PLANT.

The compressor-Testing for clearance-Superheating during com-
pression-Wet compression-Oil - injection- Water - jackets-
Single-acting compressors-Indicating the compressor-Horse-

power-Ice-making capacity of compressor-Ice-making capacity

and refrigerating capacity-The condenser-Types of condensers

-The submerged condenser-The atmosphere condenser-The

double-pipe condenser-Getting air out of condensers-Cleaning

condenser coils-Size of condensers-Water required-Supplemen-

tary condenser-Cross connections-The expansion side-The

expansion valve-Stop valves-The ammonia dryer . 120-146

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CHAPTER VII.

AUXILIARY PLANT.

Buying machinery-Engines - Efficiency - Simplicity - Durability

and solidity Valves and valve gear-Piston valves - The

Corliss valve and gear-The Meyer valve and gear-The Proell

valve and gear-Boilers-The Cornish and Lancashire boiler—

The marine dryback and locomotive boiler-The Water-tube boiler

-Boiler seatings and floor space-Boiler fittings-The prevention

of explosions and inspection of boilers-Fuel economizers-Auto-

matic stokers-Steam-pipes-Water-softening Condensers-Jet

condenser Ejector condenser-Evaporative condenser-Feed-

water filters - The recooling of condensing water — The

Worthington cooling tower-The Barnard cooling tower-The

Klein cooling tower-Körting coolers-Pumps-Boiler feed-

pumps-Air lift-pumps-Electric lighting and power-Electric

motors-Electric lifts.

CHAPTER VIII.

INSULATION.

147-200

The objects of insulation-Various insulators and filling materials-

Charcoal-Cork-Silicate cotton-Principles to be observed

Air spaces-Paper-Tests of insulation and filling material-

Different methods of construction in vogue-Outer walls-Floors

-Partitions
201-230

CHAPTER IX.

BRINE.

Sodium chloride-Calcium chloride-Regenerating brine-Con-

centrating brine .

231-238

CHAPTER X.

DISTILLED WATER.

Introductory-Exhaust steam distilling plant-The skimmer-The
reboiler-Cooler-Filters-Forecooling tank and storage reservoir
-Sponge filter-Filler-Exhaust steam triple effect--Live
steam distilling plant--Defects in ice due to the use of distilled
water-Red core--White core-Charcoal for filters-Starting; up
a distilling plant-Black bone or blood charcoal. 239-270

CHAPTER XI.

ICE-MAKING.

Water for ice-making—The can system-The plate system-The cell
system-The can plant-Ice-tank-Size of cans— -Capacity of
tanks-Piping-Circulation of brine-Operation of a can plant
-Thawing-off tank-The spray thawer-Ice-dumps-Can-fillers
-Agitation of the water in a can ice plant-The plate system
-The block system-The cell system-Storage of manufactured
ice-Position of ice stores-Construction of ice stores- Handling
of ice in store-Transport of ice-Selling ice
271-310

CHAPTER XII.

COLD STORAGE.

General remarks-Buildings-Materials used-Classes of cold stores
-Class I.-Class II.-Methods of cooling-Direct expansion--
Brine circulation-Brine-tank and brine-pumps-Air-blast-
Combined brine circulation and air-blast-Natural ice-cold
storage - Details of construction - Painting, varnishing, and
limewhiting — Lifts and hoists - Doors - Power required for
cold storage-Small cold stores

CHAPTER XIII.

ARTICLES IN COLD STORAGE.

Eggs-Hops - Meat

-

-

311-344

Butter-Cheese-Fish-Oysters-Vegetables

-Potatoes-Onions-Miscellaneous vegetables-Cabbages-Fruit
Apples Pears - Soft fruits — Peaches - Grapes - Plums
Tomatoes-Oranges and lemons-Nuts and dried fruit-Tobacco
and cigars-Tea-Furs and woollen goods .

345-359

CHAPTER XIV.

OTHER APPLICATIONS.

Refrigeration in the Brewery.

The objects of refrigeration-The cooling of wort-The fermentation

of wort-Heat to be removed-During the cooling of the wort-

During the fermentation of the wort-Other duties of the refrig-

erating machine-Types of wort-coolers-The direct expansion

wort-cooler-Attemperators-Submerged and Baudelot coolers-

The distribution of liquor over a Baudelot cooler-Iced liquor

and direct expansion-Baudelot cooler for wort and liquor-

Chilling, filtering, and racking-Lager beer

The Design of Freezing Works.

Refrigeration in the Dairy.

360-381

381-385

Some general principles

The cooling of cream-Milk-cooling and preserving

385-389