Case, definition of, 92; derivation of, 99; in English and Latin compared, 92; in nouns and pronouns compared, 93; how to determine, 97; possessive, 94, substitute for, 95; formation of, 95; syntax of, 221
Causative suffixes, 193 Checks, 41 Cherubim, 87
Chicken, 49, 86
Cingalese, 26
Clause, definition of, 201 Cognate objective, 132
Collective nouns, 74; syntax of, 229, 240 Common, proper and singular nouns, 70; gender, nouns of, 78
Comparatives not followed by than, 113 Comparison of adjectives, 108; modes of marking, 110; irregular, 111; errors of syntax in, 230; pleonasm in, 112, 231; of adverbs, 174
Complement of predicate, 133 Complex sentence, 184
Composition marking gender, 81 Compounds and derivatives, 189 Compound nouns, plurals of, 89; posses- sive of, 95; relation of parts in, 190; gerund forms, 148
Concord, definition of, 217; of pronouns and nouns, 233; of relative with ante- cedent, 234; of verbs and subjects, 240; rules observed in, 247
Conjugation, definition of, 158; of be,
140; of simple tenses, 159; of verb with auxiliaries, 160
Conjunctions, definition of, 182; join sentences and words, 182; classifica- tion of, 183; co-ordinate, 186; sub- ordinate, 187; derived from other parts of speech, 187; correlative, 187; alter- native, syntax of, 241, 254
Conjunctive pronouns, 121; adverbs, 172 Conquest of Britain, Roman, 2; English, 2; Norman, 5
Consonants, definition of, 38; classifica- tion of, 39
Co-ordinate conjunctions, 183, 240 Co-ordinating use of relative pronoun, 125, 206
Copula, 170
Could, 167 Cumbria, 2
Elder and older, III
Eleven, 103
Ellipsis, definition of, 204; a cause of error, 259
Emphasis, definition of, 50
-en, plural suffix, 86; feminine suffix, 80; verb suffix, 193; adjective suffix, 192; past participle suffix, 153 English Conquest of Britain, 2 English, who they were, 3; whence they came, 4; old language pure, 26; modern language mixed, 26; its con- stituents, 9
Enlargement of subject, 210; of predi- cate, 203
-er, comparative suffix, 110; masculine suffix, 192; plural suffix, 86; verbal suffix, 193 Erse, 2, 25
-es, plural suffix, 85
-ess, feminine suffix, 81
Etymology, definition of, 33
Euphonic changes, 49
Events affecting the formation of English
Expedients, orthographical, 56
Extension, meaning of, 200, 204
Every, etymology of, 126; syntax of,
F, plural of nouns ending in, 85 Factitive verbs, 218; object, 225; use of adjectives, 228
French influence on English language, 7 Frequentative suffix, 193
Friday, absence of possessive s, 98 Further, 112
Future, how expressed in subjunctive, 249; table of forms, 243; predictive and promissive, 166
Gaffer and gammer, 82 Gander, 82
-ge in yclept, 158
Gender, comparison of English and other languages as regards, 78; distinguished from sex, 78; definition of, 79; modes of marking, 80; in pronouns, 127; of nouns in apposition, 220
Genitive, see Possessive; meaning of word, 222; relations expressed by old, 98; subjective and objective, 223 Gerund, definition of, 146; compound forms of, 148
Gerundial infinitive, 143
Go, 158; not an auxiliary, 150 Government, definition of, 217
Grammar, definition of, 35; divisions of, 35; an Art or a Science, 31 Greek words in English, 17 Gutturals, 42
Have, uses of, 165; with past participle, 147
Hebrew, a Semitic language, 27; plurals
in English, 87
Hellenic stock, 25
Here, 174
High German, meaning of name, 4
Hight, shows reduplication, 154
Hyphen, where placed, 195
I, pure vowel sound, 44; diphthong, 43
I, personal pronoun, 117 Imperative mood, 139
Imperfect, meaning of, applied to tenses,
151; tenses, 149
Impersonal verbs, 134
Inceptive verbs, 150
Inconsistency of alphabet, 57
Indefinite quantitative adjectives, 101; pronouns, 125; article, see Article; tenses, 149; present, uses of, 151 Indicative mood, 138
Indirect object, 94; narrative, 245 Indo-European family of languages, 21; languages outside of, 26
-ine, feminine suffix, 80
Infinitive mood, 143; equivalent to a noun, 143; without to, 143; simple and gerundial, 143; prolative, 200; syntax of, 250
Inflexions, definition of, 64; in English only few, 64; mostly of English origin, 65; consequences of loss of, 66; mark- ing gender, 80; number, 84; case, 93; comparison, 110; retained in pronouns, 127; in adverbs, 174
Inflexional and non-inflexional languages, 65
-ing, patronymic suffix, 18; diminutive suffix, 191; verbal suffix, 144; origin, 251; errors of syntax, 251 Intentional tenses, so-called, 150 Interjections, 188
Interrogative pronouns, 123
Intransitive verbs, 130; becoming tran- sitive, 131 Iranian, 26
It, pronoun, 118; anticipatory subject,
Neither, error in use of, 261 Neuter gender, 78; verbs, 133 News, 87
No and yes, 173; and not, syntax of, 258 Nominative, how to determine, 97; ab-
solute, 218; of address, 94; in analysis, 206; uscs of, 218 Norman Conquest, 5 Norman French words in English, 12; contained Keltic element but mainly Latin, 6; influence on the formation of compounds, 17; alphabet, 58; inflexions, 65, 108; formation of plurals, 98; com- parison, 110
Nouns, definition of, 68; distinguished
from pronouns, 69; from adjectives, 69; common, proper, and singular, 70; proper becoming common, 72; common becoming singular, 73; collective, 74; syntax of, 229, 240; abstract and con- crete, 75; names of materials, 73; for- mation of abstract, 76; gender of, 78; number of, 84; table of plurals of, 84; without change of form in plural, 87; apparently plural really singular, 87; really plural used as singular, 87; syn- tax of, 240; changing meaning in plural, 88; having two forms of plural
with different meanings, 88; with no plural, 88; with no singular, 89; com- pound, 190; plural of, 89; case of, see Case; verbal, 145; used as adverbs, 174; suffixes of, 191; syntax of, 218 Noun clauses, 184; how to deal with in analysis, 206
Number, definition of, 84; in nouns, 84; in verbs, 152
Numerals, cardinal, 103; ordinal, 104; multiplicative, 104; mostly of English origin, 104
O, sounds of, 44; plural of nouns ending in, 86
Object, definition of, 131; direct and in- direct, 94, 202; retained, 138, 225; of verb an adverbial adjunct, 202; en- largement of, 202
Objective case, how to determine, 97; syntax of, 224; form of in nouns and pronouns, 93; cognate, 132; adverbial relation of noun in, 202
Oblique narrative, 245; cases, 99 Older and elder, 111
-om in seldom, 174
-on, -oon, one, augmentative suffix, 192 One, numeral adjective, 103; indefinite pronoun, 125
Order, a part of syntax, 217; of noun in nominative, 221; in possessive, 224; in objective, 226; of adjective, 233 Orthoëpy, definition of, 32 Orthography, definition of, 32 Orthographical expedients, 56 Ought, 168
Our, ours, 127 Oxen, 86
Owe and own, 168
Palatals, 42
Parsing, directions for, 212 Participles, definition of, 146; present, 146; distinguished from other verbal forms in -ing, 146; used as preposition 179; used absolutely, 179; common error of syntax in use of, 219, 227; past, 147; with have, 147; adopted with in- transitives, 147
Parts of speech, definition of, 62; reduced to four groups, 63; the same word oc- curring under different, 63; inflected or not inflected, 64; the articles not separate, 105
Passive voice, 136 Patronymics, 18
Paulo-post future tenses, so-called, 150 Peas, 88
Pence and pennies, 88
Perfect tense formed by reduplication, 153
Perfect and Imperfect as applied to tenses explained, 151
Person in verbs, 152; origin of inflexions marking, 152
Personal pronouns, 117 Personification affecting gender, 79 Phonetic spelling, 55 Phonology, 32
Phrase, defined, 201; absolute, 206 Pleonasm, 223, 231, 266 Plurals of nouns, see Nouns Polysyndeton, 260
Possessive, forms of, 94; of nouns in ap- position, 95; of compound nouns, 95; s not corruption of his, 97; expressed by of, 96; functions of, 94; syntax of, 221; pronouns, 127 Predicate, definition of, 198; complement of, 133, 199; enlargement of, 203; logical and grammatical, 170 Predicative use of adjectives, 101, 228 Prefixes, definition of, 190; list of, En- glish, 193; Latin, 193; Greek, 194 Prepositions, definition of, 177; compared with case-endings, 92; need not precede nouns, 178; classification of, 179; dis- tinguished from adverbs, 180; relations expressed by, 178; idiomatic use of,
Present Indefinite, uses of, 151 Pronouns, definition of, 114; distinguished from nouns, 69; characteristic of, 114; different uses of, 115; classification of, 116; personal, 117; demonstrative, 119; reflexive, 119; relative, 121; how iden- tified, 122; compound, 124; co-ordinat- ing and restrictive uses of, 124; inter- rogative, 123; indefinite, 125; distribu- tive, 126; reciprocal, 126; possessive, 127; retain inflexions, 127; used as adverbs, 175; concord of, 233; syntax of relative, 234
Prosody, definition of, 34; not a part of grammar, 35 Punctuation, rules for, 266
Slavonic languages, 26 So, adverb, syntax of, 258 Solecism, definition of, 233
Sounds, elementary, in English, 46; consonants, 38; vowels, 38; mutes, 41; sonants and surds, 40; not sounded together, 48; spirants, 41; sibilants, 41; trills, 41; thin, middle, and aspirate, 52; classified according to vocal organs, 41: dropped or added to save trouble, 49; transposition of, 50; significant, or words, represented in writing, 53 Spanish influence on English language, 6 Spelling in English, difficulties accounted for, 57; phonetic, 55
Stocks, meaning of, 24
Subject of sentence, definition of, 198; different kinds of, 200; enlargement of, 201; ellipsis of, 68, 199
Subjunctive mood, forms of, 140; uses of, 141, 248
Subordinate clauses, 184
Suffixes, definition of, 190; list of impor tant, 191
Teutonic tribes, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles were, 3; meaning of name, 3; stock, English belongs to, 25 Than, syntax of, 257; with relative, 257 That, the tin, 119; how to determine its part of speech, 122; its restrictive use as relative, 124, 238; conjunctive, 123; omission of, 261
The, 104; uses of, 106; adverbial use of, 174; syntax of, 232
-ther, comparative suffix, 112, 126
There, with verb preceding subject, 206 Thi, 174
Thorn, the letter, 58
Thou, old uses of, 118
Thy and thine, 127
To, before infinitive, 143; omitted from
some verbs, 143
Trills, 41
-trix, feminine suffix, 80
Turkish language, 26
Twelve, 104
U, vowel sounds of, 44; diphthongal 43; distinguished from letter v, 59
Umlaut, 49
-un, prefix, 193
Uncouth, 167
Utter, comparative adjective, 112
Verbs, definition of, 129; transitive and intransitive, 130; intransitive used as transitive, 131; converted to transitive by preposition, 131; converted to causa- tive, 132; transitive used as intransi- tive, 132; causative, 132; of incomplete predication, 132; neuter, 133; auxil- iary, 133, 164; notional, 133; neuter, 133; impersonal, 134; inflexions of, 135; voice, 136; active and passive, 136; alternative passive constructions, 137; retained object with passives, 138; quasi-passive, 138; mood, 138; indica- tive, 139; imperative, 139; subjunctive,
decay of, 140; uses of, 141, 248; tests for, 142; infinitive, 143; resembles noun, 143; simple and gerundial, 143; forms in -ing, 144; gerund, 145; parti- ciples, 146; table of forms, 148; tenses, 149; mark time and completeness, 149; simple and compound, 139; table of, 149; perfect continuous, 150; so called, 150; mode of formation of, 150; perfect and imperfect, 151; advantages of our mode of marking, 151; uses of present indefinite, 151; weak and strong, 153; used as adverbs, 175; number, 152; person, 152; conjugation of, 159; de- fective, 164; suffixes of, 193; syntax of, 240; concord of, 240; with collec- tive nouns, 240; with plurals used as singulars, 240; implying futurity, syn- tax of, 245
Verbal noun, the infinitive a, 143; forms in -ing, 144
Verse, definition of, 35 Vixen, 80
Vocative, 94, 218; in analysis, 206 Voice, 136
Vowels, definition of, 38; enumeration of, 44
Why, 174
Widower, 82
Will, 166; syntax of, 243
Wit, defective verb, 170
Witenagemot shows old genitive plural form, 98 Wizard, 82 Woman, 82
Words, definition of, 61; number in dic- tionary, 15; in use, 15; Keltic, 9; Danish, 18; Latin, 10; from miscella neous sources, 18; ways of classifying, 62; disguised in form, 190 Worse, III
Worth, defective verb, 170
X, a redundant letter, 47
Y, semi-vowel, 42; plural of nouns end- ing in, 86
Ye and you, 119 Ye for the, 58 Yes, 173 You, 117
Your, yours, 127 Yourself, 120
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. & C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
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