FOWL, ETC.-Hens: 1, 2. Cochin-Chinas. 3, 4. Crèvecoeurs. 5, 6, Paduans. 7, 8. Dorkings. 9. Ho pigeon. 16. German pouter. 17. Balloon-pigeon. 18. Wigged-pigeon. 19, 20. Turbits. Ge 25. Egyptian goose. Ducks: 26. Aylesbury. 27. Spoonbill. 28. Mandarin. 29. Stock-duck. Silkworms: 33. Mulberry silkworm, with cocoon and butterfly. 34. Castor-plant silkworm,

udan. Pigeons: 10. Roman dove. 11. Bagdette. 12, 13. Mule-pigeons. 14. Carolinas. 15. Crowned Geese: 21. Scotch gray-goose. 22. Astracan goose. 23. New Holland water-hen. 24. Canadian goose. Pea-foul and Turkeys: 30. Peacock, turkey, and hen. 31. Domestic turkey (cock). 32. Peacocks. , with cocoon and butterfly.

the SILKY F. (G. lanatus), very common in China and Japan, with periosteum and skin of the same dark color as the negro F., but the flesh remarkably white, the comb and wattles purple, the feathers with webs disunited and silky; and the FRIESLAND (probably a mistake for FRIZZLED) F. (G. crispus), which has all the feathers standing nearly at right angles to the body.

There are also varieties of the domestic F. remarkable for what may be considered monstrosities-as the want of a tail and of some of the last vertebræ, the presence of an additional spur on each leg (Dorkings, etc.), superabundant combs, crests or tufts of hackle feathers instead of combs, tufts of feathers springing from the lower jaw (the SIBERIAN F.), etc.; and there are many varieties esteemed by keepers of poultry, of which the most important are-1. The GAME F., with erect and slender body and showy colors, valued also for the delicacy of the flesh and of the eggs, although the eggs are rather small. It is this breed which is used for cock-fighting; and so excessive is the pugnacity which characterizes it, that broods scarcely feathered are occasionally found to have reduced themselves to utter blindness by their combats. Some poultrykeepers think it good to have a game-cock in their poultry yard, on account of the improvement of the quality of the fowls sent to the table; but it is almost needless to say, he must, like the prototype of Robinson Crusoe, be sole monarch of all he sur veys. 2. The DORKING F., so named from Dorking, in Surrey, where it has long been bred in great numbers for, the London market-a breed characterized by an additional spur on each leg; often of a white color, with short legs; one of the most_useful of all breeds, both for excellence of flesh and for abundance of eggs. 3. The POLISH F., black, with a white tuft, a breed very extensively reared in France, Egypt, etc., little inclined to incubation, but valued for an almost uninterrupted laying of eggs. 4. The SPANISH F., very similar to the Polish, but larger, and laying larger eggs, on account of which it is now much valued, and very common in Britain; black, with white cheeks and large red comb. 5. The MALAY F., tall and handsome, very pugnacious, but little esteemed. 6. The HAMBURG, of very beautiful plumage, and much valued for the quality both of flesh and eggs, as also for extreme productiveness of eggs. 7. The COCHIN CHINA F., a large, tall, ungraceful variety, with small tail and wings, for which there was a great rage ainong poultry-fanciers when it was newly introduced into Britain, particularly about the year 1852, and which is valuable chiefly on account of its fecundity, eggs being laid even during winter, and the hens incubating frequently. 8. The BANTAM F. (q.v.), a diminutive variety. rather curious than useful. Of most of these there are many subvarieties and fancy breeds-gold-penciled, silverpenciled, etc. The common DUNGHILI F. is apparently a breed produced by the intermixture of others, and perhaps chiefly a less graceful, less spirited, and less pugnacious race of the game fowl.

Concerning the treatment of the domestic F. in the poultry-yard, the diseases to which it is liable, etc., see POULTRY. The artificial hatching of eggs is noticed in the article INCUBATION. Concerning the eggs of the domestic F. as an article of commerce, etc., see EGG.

The readiness with which the domestic F. can be induced to go on laying eggs far beyond the number proper for a brood, is not nearly equaled in the case of any other domesticated bird, and greatly enhances the usefulness of this species to mankind, whether the eggs are used for food, or, by artificial batching, made to produce chickens, as is common in Egypt and some other countries. Few hens incubate oftener than once a year, but some lay in the course of a year even more than 200 eggs.

FOWLE, DANIEL, 1715-87; b. Mass.; a printer in Boston in 1740; with Gamaliel Rogers, he printed the first American edition of the New Testament. He was arrested for publishing seditious matter in the Independent Advertiser and in pamphlets, and kept for a short time in prison. Upon his release he went to Portsmouth, and in 1756 started the New Hampshire Gazette, a weekly newspaper still published.

FOWLER, CHARLES H., D.D.; b. Canada, 1832; graduated at Genesee college in 1859, and in 1861 became a Methodist minister. He was pastor of a church in Chicago until 1872, when he was chosen president of the Northwestern university (M. E.) at Evanston, Ill.; editor Christian Advocate, 1876; made bishop, 1884.

FOWLER, JOHN, b. England, 1817; a hydraulic and railway engineer. After engaging in various important works, he became acting-engineer in the construction of the Stockholm and Hartlepool railways. At the age of 27 he was selected as engineer for the construction of the large group of railways known as the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire. Having settled in London, he was continuously employed in the laying out and construction of railways and docks, and in the improvement of rivers, and reclamation of lands from the sea. Probably he is best known as "Fowler of the Underground railway," having designed and constructed the metropolitan "Inner Circle railway." Mr. Fowler is consulting engineer to several railways, and to the government of Egypt.

FOWLER, LORENZO NILES, b. Ohio, 1811; brother of Orson, and also a phrenologist and lecturer. He went to England in 1863, and still remains there. Besides works in which he was an assistant, he has published Synopsis of Phrenology and Physiology, and Marriage, its History and Philosophy, with Directions for Happy Marriages. He was

Fox.

also concerned in editing the Phrenological Journal, and the Water Cure Journal, afterwards called Science of Health.

FOWLER, LYDIA FOLGER, 1823-79; b. Mass.; wife of Lorenzo. She was a graduate of a medical college in Syracuse, and was one of the first American women to practice medicine. She lectured on physiology and the diseases of women and children, and wrote Familiar Lessons on Phrenology and Physiology, and similar lessons on astronomy.

FOWLER, ORSON SQUIRE, b. New York, 1809; graduated at Amherst. He and his brother Lorenzo were among the first Americans to accept and teach the doctrines of phrenology, beginning in New York city in 1835. The next year Orson published Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied. This was followed by an almost continuous series of works on the same and on kindred subjects, by the establishment of the firm of Fowler & Wells, the starting of the Phrenological Journal (still published), and an almost incredible amount of work in the form of lectures, addresses, and teaching. Some of the works in whole or in part by Orson are The Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology; Memory and Intellectual Improvement Applied to Self-Education; Matrimony, or Phrenology Applied to the Selection of Companions, Self-Culture, and Perfection of Character; Hereditary Descent, its Laws and Facts Applied to Human Improvement; Love and Parentage Applied to the Improvement of Offspring. He d. 1887. FOWLER'S SOLUTION. See ARSENIC.

FOWLING—the killing or taking of birds for the sake of their flesh, feathers, etc.— is very variously practiced in different parts of the world. In some places it is one of the principal employments of the people, who greatly depend on it for their subsistence. and prosecute it with the greatest toil and danger; elsewhere, it is in some of its forms a recreation, for the sake of which much expense is incurred by the opulent. The modes in which it is practiced depend partly on the habits of different kinds of birds, and partly on the progress of civilization and the arts. The peculiar habits of some birds render it very easy to take or kill them. Nets are much used in the capture of many kinds of birds, particularly of small birds intended for the table; bird-lime is employed for the same purpose, and birds are taken by means of it in greatest numbers near their drinking places, particularly in hot and dry weather; gins, springes, and traps of various kinds are also employed.

The numerous kinds of ducks, geese, and other anatida, are, in an economical point of view, among the most important of birds, and the methods employed for their capture are very various and interesting. These, however, we reserve for a separate article, WILDFOWL; and refraining also here from any notice of the amusements of the sportsman, we shall proceed to describe the methods adopted in rock-fowling, on which the inhabitants of many northern coasts and islands, in a great measure, depend for their means of subsistence. Of all kinds of F., it is by far the most adventurous. The objects of pursuit are gannets or solan geese, gulls, terns, guillemots, and other seabirds, which frequent the most lofty precipices, and breed on their shelves and ledges. The flesh, even of the best of them, is generally coarse, and of a fishy taste, yet it forms great part of the food of the poor people, both fresh and salted for winter provisions. The flesh of the young is more tender and pleasant than that of the adult birds. The eggs of some species are sought after by the same perilous means as the birds themselves. The feathers and oil are articles of commerce. The people of St. Kilda pay part of their rent in feathers and fulmar oil, the rocks being apportioned among its inhabitants as exactly as its soil. Almost every man in the island is a cragsman or rock-fowler, which is pretty nearly the case also in many other northern isles. The multitudes of sea-fowl around many of the rocky northern coasts is prodigious, resem. bling at a distance-as may be seen at the bass rock in the firth of Forth-the bees around a busy hive. Uninhabited islets are annually visited by fowlers, as Borrera by the people of St. Kilda; and the " stacks," or high insular rocks near the shore, are often extremely productive. These are, of course, reached by means of a boat, and whilst landing is often both difficult and dangerous, the climbing of the precipice is still more so. The Norwegian fowlers, or "bird-men," carry on such expeditions with a bird-pole or fouling-staff, about five or six yards long, and a rope of several fathoms. The bird-pole has an iron hook at one end; it has also a flat head, and by means of it the fowler is pushed and guided by his comrades below as he ascends a very steep or precipitous cliff; by means of it, also, he strikes down or draws in birds. The rope is used to fasten two fowlers together, being attached to the waist of each; they aid one another in climbing, pushing, and drawing one another up the rocks, the safety of the one often depend ing on the strength and courage of the other. The bird-pole is also used with a small net attached to it, in the capture of birds that are flying around. The Norwegian fowlers sometimes remain for days on ledges where birds are abundant, sleeping in holes or clefts, and having food let down to them by a rope from above.

Still more perilous, if possible, is the mode of F. practiced where the precipices cannot be scaled. The fowler is let down by a rope, and hangs in mid-air, often at an elevation of several hundred feet, above rough rocks or roaring waves, and by means of his feet or of a pole, throws himself out to such a distance from the face of the rock as to obtain a view of all its ledges and crannies, to which, with astonishing coolness