rest both to his body and mind, which he much required from his age, being now almost threescore years, and from his urgent pecuniary wants; for he had always been as careless of money, as though our Saviour's words, Care

not for to-morrow,' were to be literally understood." He, therefore, upon condition of releasing a grant, which he possessed, of the mastership of the Rolls, was appointed provost. (a)

At this disappointment Bacon could not be much affected. One day, as he was dictating to Dr. Rawley some of the experiments in his Sylva, he had sent a friend to court, to receive for him a final answer, touching the effect of a grant which had been made him by King James. He had hitherto only hope of it, and hope deferred; and he was desirous to know the event of the matter, and to be freed, one way or other, from the suspense of his thoughts. His friend returning, told him plainly that he must thenceforth

(a) The following is from the Life of Wotton, “To London he came the year before King James died; who having for the reward of his foreign service promised him the reversion of an office which was fit to be turned into present money, which he wanted for a supply of his present necessities, and also granted him the reversion of the Master of the Rolls place, if he outlived charitable Sir Julius Cæsar, who then possessed it: and then, grown so old, that he was said to be kept alive beyond nature's course, by the prayers of those many poor which he daily relieved. But these were but in hope; and his condition required a present support: for in the beginning of these employments he sold to his elder brother, the Lord Wotton, the rent-charge left by his good father, and, which is worse, was now at his return indebted to several persons, whom he was not able to satisfy, but by the King's payment of his arrears due for his foreign employments, he had brought into England many servants, of which some were German and Italian artists. This was part of his condition who had many times hardly sufficient to supply the occasions of the day: (for it may by no means be said of his providence, as himself said of Sir Philip Sidney's wit, that it was the very measure of congruity) he being always so careless of money, as though our Saviour's words, 'Care not for to-morrow,' were to be literally understood."

De Augmentis.

despair of that grant, how much soever his fortunes needed it. "Be it so," said his lordship; and then he dismissed his friend very cheerfully, with thankful acknowledgements of his service. His friend being gone, he came straightway to Dr. Rawley, and said thus to him, "Well, Sir, yon business won't go on, let us go on with this, for this is in our power:" and then he dictated to him afresh, for some hours, without the least hesitancie of speech, or discernible interruption of thought. (a)

He proceeded with his literary labours, and, during this year, published in Latin his celebrated treatise "De Augmentis Scientiarum" (b) and his important " Historia Vitæ et Mortis." (c)

Between the year 1605, when the Advancement was published, (d) and the year 1623, he made great progress in the completion of the work, which, having divided into nine books, and subdivided each book into chapters, he caused to be translated into Latin by Mr. Herbert, and some other friends, and published in Latin in 1623, (e) in a

(a) Baconiana.

(b) See vols. viii. and ix.

(c) See vol. x. for Latin, and vol. xiv. for English.

(d) See vol. ii.

(e) In the year 1622 Lord Bacon wrote an Advertisement touching an Holy War, to the Bishop of Winchester (see vol. vii. p. 112), in which he thus mentions the treatise "De Augmentis:" "That my book of Advancement of Learning may be some preparative or key for the better opening of the Instauration, because it exhibits a mixture of new conceits and old; whereas the Instauration gives the new unmixed, otherwise than with some little aspersion of the old for taste's sake; I have thought good to procure a translation of that book into the general language, not without great and ample additions and enrichment thereof, especially in the second book, which handleth the partition of sciences; in such sort, as I hold it may serve in lieu of the first part of the Instauration, and acquit my promise in that part."

In his letter to Fulgentio (vol. xii. p. cciii.), he says, "I judged it most

volume entitled De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum.

convenient to have them translated in the Latin tongue, and to divide them into certain tomes. The first tome consisteth of the books of the Advancement of Learning, which (as you understand) are already finished, and published, and contain the Partition of Sciences, which is the first part of my Instauration."

In the Baconiana, Tenison says, "The Great Instauration was to consist of six parts. The first part proposed was, the Partitions of the Sciences; and this the author perfected in that golden treatise of the Advancement of Learning, addressed to King James. Afterwards he enlargeth the second of those two discourses, which contained especially the abovesaid partition, and divided the matter of it into eight books. And knowing that this work was desired beyond the seas, and being also aware that books written in a modern language, which receiveth much change in a few years, were out of use, he caused that part of it which he had written in English to be translated into the Latin tongue by Mr. Herbert and some others, who were esteemed masters in the Roman eloquence."

In his letter to the King, upon sending his presentation copy, which is in the British Museum, he says, "It may please your most excellent Majesty, I send, in all humbleness, to your majesty the poor fruits of my leisure. This book was the first thing that ever I presented to your majesty, and it may be will be the last. For I had thought it should have posthuma proles, but God hath otherwise disposed for a while. It is a translation, but almost enlarged to a new work. I had good helps for the language. I have been also mine own index expurgatorius, that it may be read in all places. For since my end of putting it into Latin was to have it read every where, it had been an absurd contradiction to free it in the language, and to pen it up in the matter. Your majesty will vouchsafe graciously to receive these poor sacrifices of him that shall ever desire to do you honour while he breathes, and fulfilleth the rest in prayers. Your Majesty's true beadsman and most humble servant," &c.

And in his presentation letter to the Prince, he says, "It may please your excellent Highness.-I send your highness, in all humbleness, my book of Advancement of Learning, translated into Latin, but so enlarged, as it may go for a new work. It is a book, I think, will live and be a citizen of the world, as English books are not.”

And in his presentation copy to the Duke of Buckingham, he says,— "Excellent Lord, I send your grace for a parabien a book of mine, written first and dedicated to his majesty in English, and now translated into Latin, and enriched."

The following address will, perhaps, best explain the work:

This treatise De Augmentis is an improvement by expunging, (d) enlarging, (e) and arranging, (f) of the Advancement of Learning.

Gulielmus Rawley Sacræ Theologiæ Professor, Illustrissimi Domini

D. Francisci Baronis de Verulamio, Vice Comitis Sancti Albani,
Sacellanus.

Lectoris. Cum Domino meo placuerit, eo me dignari honore, ut in edendis operibus suis, opera mea usus sit: non abs re fore existimavi, si lectorem de aliquibus, quæ ad hunc præsentem tomum pertinent, breviter moneam. Tractatum istum, de Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum, ante annos octodecim, edidit dominatio sua, lingua patria, in duos tantummodo libros distributum; et regiæ suæ majestati dicavit, quod et nunc facit. Non ita pridem animum adjecit, ut in Latinam linguam verteretur. Inaudierat siquidem illud apud exteros expeti. Quinetiam solebat subinde dicere libros modernis linguis conscriptos, non ita multo post decocturos. Ejus igitur translationem, ab insignioribus quibusdam eloquentia viris elaboratam, propria quoque recensione castigatam, jam emittit. Ac liber primus certe, quasi mera translatio est, in paucis admodum mutatus: at reliqui octo, qui Partitiones Scientiarum tradunt, atque unico ante libro continebantur, ut novum opus, et nunc primum editum, prodit. Caussa autem præcipua, quæ dominationem suam movit, ut opus hoc retractaret, et in plurimis amplificaret, ea fuit; quod in Instauratione Magna (quam diu postea edidit) Partitiones Scientiarum, pro prima Instaurationis parte constituit: quam sequeretur Novum Organum; dein Historia Naturalis; et sic deinceps. Cum igitur reperiret partem eam de Partitionibus Scientiarum jam pridem elaboratam (licet minus solide quam argumenti dignitas postularet), optimum fore putavit, si retractaretur, et redigeretur in opus justum et completum. Atque hoc pacto, fidem suam liberari intelligit, de prima parte Instaurationis præstitam. Quantum ad opus ipsum, non est tenuitatis meæ, de eo aliquid præfari. Præconium ei, quod optime conveniat, existimo futurum illud, quod Demosthenes interdum dicere solebat de rebus gestis Atheniensium veterum; laudatorem iis dignum esse solummodo tempus. Deum Opt: Max: obnixe precor, ut pro dignitate operis fructus uberes, diuturnique, et auctori, et lectori, contingant.

(d) The Advancement of Learning contains the beautiful passage in praise of Elizabeth, which is in the end of the first part of this work. See page xcv. This and another passage in praise of Elizabeth is omitted. See note 4 H at the end of this work.

(e) Various parts are enlarged: see, for instance, the analysis of Natural History, and Justitia Universalis.

(f) The Advancement is divided into two books, without any sub

In the first part there are scarcely any alterations, except the omission of his beautiful praise of Elizabeth, not, perhaps, very acceptable to her successor (a) The material alterations are in the analysis of Natural History and Natural Philosophy; in his expansion of a small portion of the science of "Justitia Universalis;" in that part of human philosophy under the head of Government, which relates to man as a member of society; and in his arrangement of the important subject of revealed religion. (b)

In the annexed outline of the work the parts marked in italics will exhibit the material alterations:

division into chapters: the De Augmentis is divided into nine books, and each book is subdivided into chapters.

(a) See note (d), preceding page.

(b) The treatise "De Augmentis," being more extensive, abounds with passages that are not contained in "The Advancement." I will take one specimen from each subject into which the work is divided, viz. from History, relating to the Memory; Poetry, relating to the Imagination; and Philosophy, relating to the Understanding.

In the treatise De Augmentis, Natural History is divided

But the division, as to the use, &c. is not contained in the Advancement. Under Poetry, the fable of Pan, of Perseus, &c. which are not in the Advancement will be found in the treatise De Augmentis. Under Philosophy, speaking on the advancement of universal justice, or the laws of laws, he says, "I propose, if God give me leave, having begun a work of this nature in aphorisms, to propound it hereafter, noting it in the mean time for deficient." In the treatise De Augmentis considerable progress is made in this projected work, in forty-seven distinct axioms.

In Archbishop Tenison's Baconiana, the progress of this work, and the difference between the De Augmentis and the Advancement is explained,