Block setter-One who operates the set works on a sawmill carriage.

Blued lumber-Lumber, the sapwood of which has been stained by fungi. Box boards-Lumber of a specific quality from which boxes are manufac tured.

Box shooks-Pieces of lumber cut to size for boxes but not assembled.

Break down-To cut a log into cants or of a size which can be sawed on the main saw.

Bull head-A term used by sawmill filer to describe the action of a saw when it leads in or out of a cut.

Cant-A log which has been slabbed on one or more sides.

Casehardened lumber-Material, the exterior of which is dry, while the interior remains moist. The result of quick drying in an overheated kiln.

Ceiling-Lumber usually finished on one side only and used for wainscoting, ceiling rooms, etc.

Chimney-An opening left from top to bottom in a lumber pile to admit air and hasten drying.

Chipped grain-A defect in lumber caused by the grain of the wood being torn out in patches by the action of the planer knives.

Clapboard-Siding 4 to 6 inches wide and 4 to 20 feet long tapering to a thin edge on one side.

Case knot-One surrounded wholly or partially by pitch or bark.
Coarse-grain lumber-Material with wide annual rings.

Comb grained-The best quality of quarter-sawed lumber, the growth rings of which are nearly at right angles to the face of the board.

Common boards-Applied to four grades of lumber of a quality inferior to finish. The widths run from 4 to 12 inches.

Common dimensions-Applied to 2-inch stock ranging from 4 to 12 inches wide and 3-inch stock from 6 to 12 inches wide.

Custom sawing-The sawing of lumber under contract prices per 1,000 board feet.

Carriage setter-Rides on the front end of the carriage and sets the dogs which hold the log in place.

Drop siding-A pattern of lumber used to cover the exterior sides of buildings. Syn.-Cove siding, German siding, patent siding, rustic.

Face side-That side of a board which shows the best quality.

Featheredge-When a board is found thinner on one edge than it is on the other it is said to have a featheredge. Term also used to describe an oversharpened cutting edge.

Feed-The length of lumber cut at one revolution of the saw, expressed in inches.

Fencing-A grade of rough inch lumber 4 to 6 inches wide.

Fine grain-Lumber having the annual rings close together.

Finish lumber-The higher grade of lumber used for interior finish in building. Five-ply veneer-Made up of five pieces of veneer glued one to the other, alsa called laminated wood.

Flitch-A thick piece of lumber with wane on the edge.

Furring A narrow strip of inch lumber which is nailed to rafters and joins as a backing for laths.

Jointed flooring-A flooring strip which instead of being tongued and grooved has the sides cut on a bevel edge. Syn.-Lap siding.

Joist A dimension timber used to support the floor of a building.

Knocked down-A machine or article taken apart in order to facilitate stipping. Abbreviated as K. D.

Large knot-One that is over 1 inches diameter.

Load-In foreign markets 1,680 pounds weight of lumber or 50 cubic feet cargo space.

Lumber tally-The scale of the log after it is cut into lumber.

Mill run-All of the lumber without regard to grade which has a shipping value. Moulding-The narrow strips of lumber moulded in various patterns used in interior finish.

Odd lengths-Lumber trimmed to odd feet, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15.

Off-bearer-The man who stands behind the saw and takes away the lumber and slabs. Syn.-Tail sawyer, swamper.

Ogee moulding-One having a double curve formed by a concave and convex line. Overrun-The difference between the lumber tally and mill scale.

Parbuckle-A device for loading logs. It consists of a chain or rope in the form of a sling attached to the wagon or sled.

Partition-Lumber used for interior partitions where both sides of the board are exposed.

Pile bottom-The foundation (timber or concrete) on which lumber is piled. Pin knot-A knot which is sound and not more than one-half inch in diameter. Pitch-The angle between the back of a tooth and a line drawn from a point of the tooth to the back of a band saw or to the center of a circular saw. Pitch pocket-An opening or space between the annual rings containing pitch in coniferous trees. Syn.-Pitch seams.

Plain sawed-All lumber which is not quarter sawed. Syn.-Flat grain, bastard grain, slash grain.

Pony gang-A saw crew of two men who do their own swamping.

Porch decking-A tongue and grooved board, the upper face of which is grooved in order to carry off rain water.

Quarter-sawed-In hardwoods, when the lumber is cut parallel or nearly so with the medullary rays. In soft woods, when the growth rings do not tip more than 45° from the vertical throughout the entire length of the board. Syn.-Center sawed, comb grained, edge grained, figure grained, rift sawed, silver grained, vertical grained.

Rip To cut a board lengthwise.

Rock pine-The Chicago name for hemlock.

Sampson-An upright lever used for rolling logs. It is attached to the log by a chain.

Short length-Lumber from 4 to 10 feet.

Sidings-Boards sawed from the outer portion of a log when the central part is made into lumber.

Slack cooperage Containers for nonliquid products consisting of two round heads and a body composed of staves held together with hoops.

Slat-A sawed piece of wood 7 by 24 by inches, used in pencil manufacture.

Small knot-A sound knot not more than three-fourths inch in diameter.
Snake-To make a wavy cut in sawing.

Snipping-The act of rounding off the end of a log to prevent the latter from sticking in the ground. Syn.-Sniping.

Sound knot-One which is as solid and hard across its face as the surrounding wood and firm enough to retain its place in the board.

Spike knot-A knot sawed lengthwise in the board.

Spline A rectangular strip of wood which is substituted for the tongue on heavy factory flooring.

Stepping-A grade of lumber worked to a size suitable for steps.

Stock boards-Of even widths, usually 8, 10, and 12 inches.

Straight grain-A piece of lumber is said to be straight grained when the principal wood cells are parallel to its length.

Swamp hook-A hook to be attached to a chain used for rolling logs.

Tail sawyer-Off-bearer.

Tally-A record of the number of pieces and grades which are cut in the mill. Tight cooperage Containers for liquids consisting of two round heads and a body composed of several staves held together by hoops in such a manner as to hold liquids.

Timber-4 inches by 4 inches, and larger dimensions.

To box a log-To throw a log from the log trough upon the mill deck by means of a log kicker.

To box the heart-To cut boards from all sides of the heart, leaving the latter as a piece of timber.

To jack lumber-Means to pass up boards to the piler on top of the pile by leverage on an upright pole or a short board projecting from the front of the pile.

To saw around a log-To cut three or more faces on a log in order to get the best quality of lumber in each cut.

To saw alive-To make all cuts on the log parallel, without canting the log. Torn grain-A defect on surfaced lumber caused by the fibers of the wood being torn by the planer knives.

Uppers-Finish lumber.

Veneer-A thin piece of lumber cut on a veneer machine. There are three kinds of veneer, viz, sawed, sliced, and rotary cut.

Wane-Bark or decrease in wood on the edge of board, plank, or timber.

Washboard lumber-Poorly sawed lumber with ridges on the face of the boards. Woods scale-The scale of the logs made in the woods.

Wood fiber-Narrow shavings cut from a round block of wood by a special machine.

Yard lumber-Lumber which has been air dried.

ABBREVIATIONS.

C. I. F.-Cost, insurance, and freight.

F. O. B.-Free on board.

F. A. S.-Free along side.

F. G.-Flat grain.

V. G.-Vertical grain.

C. I. F. E.-Cost, insurance, freight, and exchange.

D. & H.-Dressed and headed. A flooring strip which has been surfaced tongued, and grooved on one side, and also has a tongue on one end and s groove on the other, so that the joints may not necessarily come over joint.

D. & M.-Dressed-and-matched boards, which have been tongued, grooved, and matched.

E. G.-Edge grain.

W. A. L.-Wider, all lengths.

AW. & AL.-All widths and all lengths.

5/4, 6/4, 8/4-11 inches, 14 inches, and 2 inches.

K. D.-Kiln dried or knocked down.

S. 4S. C. S.-Surfaced on 4 sides in the 1/16-inch caulking seam on each edge. S. M.-Surface measure.

S1 S. 1E-Surfaced on one side and one edge.

T. B. & S.-Top, bottom, and sides,

T. & G.-Tongued and grooved,

WOMEN'S RURAL1 ORGANIZATIONS ARE NUMEROUS AND VARIED.

The rural telephone, better roads, the automobile, and rural free delivery have greatly facilitated communication in rural districts. Women whose homes are on the farms are taking advantage of the improvement in means of communication and are endeavoring in an organized way to further the development of every phase of activity which will mean better home life on the farm, broader and bigger agricultural opportunities for the future, and an ideal rural community life.

Organizations have been small and simple, but they are permeating country life. For example, in one Southern State having threefourths of its land area in farms there are over 500 women's rural organizations. The organizations represented are: The Homemakers' Clubs, the Parent-Teacher and School Improvement Associations, the Daughters of the Confederacy, the Cooperative Clubs, the Eastern Star, the State Federation of Women's Clubs, and the, Woman's Christian Temperance. Union. In addition there are a number of ladies' aid and missionary societies, and neighborhood and family clubs not belonging to any of the county or State organizations.

1 All organizations located in places of less than 2,500 inhabitants are considered as "rural," This is in accordance with the definition of rural territory adopted for the Thirteenth (1910) Census.

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in small towns, over 3,500 women's organizations. (See fig. 1.) The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union has twice this num ber. (See fig. 2.)

A single organization, of national character and not usually considered rural in its interests, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, counts among its locals in the open country, in hamlets, and

State Federation Clubs in places of less than 2,500 inhabitants.

Each dot represents one club.