word; as, "When Cæsar had conquered Gaul, he turned his arms against his country."

There are two kinds of pronouns, viz. the personal and the relative.

Personal pronouns are employed as substitutes for nouns that denote persons. There are five personal pronouns, namely, I, thou, he, she, it, with their plurals, we, ye or you, they.

The pronoun it, however, is generally applied to things.

Personal pronouns admit of number, person, gender, and case.

There are two numbers, the singular and the plural; I, thou, he, she, it, are singular, we, ye or you, they, plural.

There are three persons in each number, viz.

Singular.

I, the person speaking, is the first person. Thou, the person spoken to, is the second person. He, she, or it, the person or thing spoken of, is the third person.

Plural.

We, is the first person.

is the second person.

Ye or you,
They, is the third

person.

Pronouns have, like nouns, three genders, but variety of form to distinguish the sex is confined to the third person. He is masculine, she is

feminine, it is neuter.

Pronouns of the first and the second person, are either masculine or feminine according to the sex of the speaker, or of person addressed.

the

Pronouns have also three cases, the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective.

Personal pronouns are thus declined :—

My, thy, her, our, your, their, are prefixed to nouns; mine, thine, hers, ours, yours, theirs, are used without nouns; as, "my house," "this is mine;"" "your hat," "this hat is yours." His

and its are used either with or without a noun.

Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, are sometimes used before a substantive or adjective, beginning with a vowel or a silent h; as, Blot out all mine iniquities."

Own and self are used in conjunction with pronouns to render them emphatical; as, "This house is my own.""

Myself, thyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, with their plurals, are the same in both the nominative and the objective case.

Of Relative Pronouns.

Relative pronouns relate, in general, to some

word or phrase going before, which is thence called the antecedent: they are who, which, what, and that; as," He who wishes to become learned must be studious."

Who is applied to persons, which to irrational animals and to things without life; as, "The man who loved us;" "The dog which barks;" "The tree which produced no fruit.”

That is used to prevent the too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to both persons and things; as, "He that acts wisely deserves praise ;""Revenge is a vice that dwells only in little minds."

What is a compound relative; that is, it includes both the antecedent and the relative, and is mostly equivalent to that which, or those which; as, "This is what I wanted;" viz. that which I wanted.

Objective.......... Whom.

Who, which and what are called interrogatives when they are used in asking questions; as, "Who was there ?" "Which is the book ?" "What are you doing?"

5.-OF VERBS.

A Verb is a word which expresses the state, action, or suffering of some person or thing; as, "I am," I teach," "I am taught." It is also used to command, exhort, request, or ask a question; as, "Be silent;" "Study diligently;" "Lend me the book;" "Have you written the letter ?"

Verbs are of four kinds; Active transitive, Active intransitive, Passive, and Neuter. They are also divided into regular, irregular, and defective.

An Active transitive verb expresses action passing from an agent or actor to some object; as, "The master teaches me."

An Active intransitive verb denotes action confined to the subject; as, "I run," "They walk.”

Sometimes an active intransitive verb, by the addition of a preposition, may be considered a compound active transitive verb ; thus, "She smiles" is an active intransitive; "She smiles on him" is a compound active transitive; and the verb may thus become passive; as, "He is smiled on."

A Passive verb (formed in English by associating the participle with some tense of the verb am) generally implies that the nominative is the object of an action done by some agent, expressed or understood; as, "John is taught by the master.'

* See the Large Grammar, p. 39.

A Neuter verb expresses neither action nor suffering, but being, or a state of being; as, "He rests."

"I am,"

A Regular verb is one that forms its past tense, and perfect participle, by adding d or ed to the present; as, Present, love; Past, loved; Perfect Participle, loved.

An Irregular verb is one that does not form its past tense and perfect participle, by the addition of d or ed to the present; as, Present, arise; Past, arose; Perfect Participle, arisen.

A Defective verb is one that is used only in some of the moods and tenses; its participle having fallen into disuse.

The Defective Verbs are the following:
Present. ...Can,
may, shall, will, must, ought,-
Past.........Could, might, should, would, must, -
Past. Part.-

quoth

An Impersonal verb is that which does not admit a person as its nominative, but merely asserts the existence of some action or state, without reference to any particular subject, and is preceded by the pronoun it. "It rains, it hails, it thunders, it lightens," are of this class.

Auxiliary or helping verbs are those by means of which English verbs are principally conjugated. They are,