Abertour in 1739 pronounce his name; and how is it pronounced by its other owners? One thing is definite. Touch with ch soft can scarcely come from Touch with ch guttural, and for that reason cannot be from Stirlingshire. There, as F. R. A. shows, Touch was Toulch, Touchadam having formerly been spelt Toulcheadame. I may add that in 1367, in the 'Scots Acts of Parliament,' p. 529, it has the unequivocably guttural form of Tuhhadam, a spelling which well represents its modern pronunciation as I have heard it in the vicinity of the battlefield of Bannockburn. There was more than one place called Tulch. Robertson's 'Index of Early Charters' has two of Tulch, in Fifeshire (see p. 139, 14; p. 159, 6). These do not assist our quest, but much light comes from an entry in the 'Index' (p. 50, 12) about another place of the same name. In a roll of charters by David II. appears, "Carta to Isabel Toulch, sister to Henry Toulch, of the lands of Toulch in the vic. de Aberdeen." Note how the guttural survives, for the Toulch of this charter is now the parish of Tough. GEO. NEILSON.

Glasgow.

CAVILLING DAYS (7th S. vii. 69).-Brockett, in his 'Glossary of North Country Words,' describes this as follows:

"Cavel, or Kavel, a lot, a share, Teut. kavel. To cast cavels, to cast lots, to change situations. Teut. kavelen. Cavil is the place allotted to a hewer in a coal mine by ballot. I've getten a canny cavil for this quarter, however.' It means also an allotment of ground in a common field."

At

In North Country coal pits the working places vary, some being good and others bad. periodical intervals the men draw lots for them, so that each may have a chance of a good place. The shifting of the gear from one place to another causes a stoppage of the work, and the day upon which it occurs is called " cavilling day.' It is not considered a working day at the pit, hence its exception in the agreement referred to. J. C.

ENCORE (7th S. vii. 147).—Littré says, s.v.:— "Encore pris elliptiquement, signifie, suivant l'occasion et le verbe sous-entendu, soit recommencez, ajoutez; soit l'improbation et le mécontentement que fait éprouver un fait qui se renouvelle."

Littré gives an instance of the latter meaning, but he gives none of the former. DNARGEL. Paris.

The use of this word surely represents an ellipsis where either the addition of une fois (once more) or de nouveau (again) are implied. An an imported word, to answer the purpose it does, it is far better than bis, the French equivalent, would be, which, sounded by any number of average Englishmen, would produce an amount of sibilation which

would certainly be taken for exactly the reverse of that which was intended by its use. Unfortunately encore itself, as any one taking notice will find, has become reduced to "Core, core!" a fact which it would be well to record for the sake of any twentyfifth century Dr. Murray. Nugent, in the thirteenth edition of his 'French-English Dictionary,' 1810, gives Encore, French, with the equivalents "again," " more," and the Anglicized encore with the French equivalents "encore," "bis." R. W. HACKWOOD.

A folio line engraving, bearing the date of G. FAMILY OF LORD CONINGSBY (7th S. vii. 147).— Kneller, as the painter, 1722, and G. Virtue, as engraver, 1723, represents a middle-aged man at the entrance of a mansion. He is seated, his right arm resting on the base of a pillar, on which is a coat of arms, with the motto "Tacta libertas," and underneath is the inscription

Lord Coningsby, Baron of Coningsby, in Lincolnshire, "This first coat was in this manner born by John, who was slain in the battle of Chesterfield in the Barons' wars in the reign of King John, the which town and Castle of Coningsby being then confiscated, is now in the possession of the Lord Sheffield, and this is approved by the Heralds upon perusal of the evidence of Humphry Coningby, of Nendsollers, who is linially descended from

the said John."

His right hand holds a scroll, inscribed "Magna Charta 9 of Henry the 3rd. This is my birthright, purchased with the blood of my ancestors." At his side stand two girls of from ten to fourteen years of age. I do not know whether this will assist MR. MARTINDALE in his inquiries; but if he can refer me to an account of the battle in question I shall be obliged. H. H. B. Derby.

"DOLCE FAR NIENTE" (7th S. vii. 28, 111, 177). -With regard to the second "puzzling line," a reference to the list of phrases and quotations at have given the correct reading and the authority; the end of the Encyclopaedic Dictionary' would and that list will probably clear up many other cases of disputed authorship. Mr. Scherren, who furnished the authorities in that list for me, informs me that Büchmann's failure to find the line

in the 'Nuga' is due to the fact that these are the productions of Nicolaus (not Matthias) Borbonius, and that the 'Dictum,' which in its full form runs thus,

Omnia mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis; Illa vices quasdam res habet, illa vices, will be found in the 'Delitiæ Poetarum Germanorum hujus Superiorisque Evi illustrium,' pars. i. p. 685, collectore A. F. G. G., Francofurti, MDCXII.; British Museum press-mark 238 i. 14.

Belle Sauvage.

EDITOR ENCYC. DICT.'

ERROR REGARDING THE MASS (7th S. vi. 506; vii. 154).-Some years ago I was scoffed at by a

correspondent of N. & Q.' (6th S. xii. 91) for mentioning the opinion of a friend of mine that the term mass was sometimes used by Roman Catholics in speaking of other offices than that to which it is properly applied. If MR. W. F. HOBSON be right, then was my friend justified in the saying, and I but this is a matter of no consequence.

If we may credit Mr. W. Ŵ. Story when he says of Christmas Eve ('Roba di Roma,' vol. i. p. 62), "At about nine o'clock the same evening the Pope performs High Mass in some one of the great churches, generally at Santa Maria Maggiore," that is, indeed, a mass celebrated at night on Christmas Eve. The midnight offering belongs of right to Christmas Day, which is marked by the fact that three high masses are enjoined, the first at midnight to greet the hour of our Lord's birth, the second at daybreak to commemorate the rising of the day-spring from on high, and the third at the ordinary time of sacrifice. To continue my citation from Story, he says of the use of Rome (p. 63):

It was once, and even within my own memory, pronounced so as to rhyme with "cause," and the only conceivable reason for making it rhyme with "case," or "face," or "grace" is that (so far as I know) there is no word which in serious verse can be made to rhyme with its present pronunciation, vahse. In comic verse it is easy enough, as thus:

That brutal boy, with loud Ha has,

Exclaim'd, "I've smash'd the china vase!"
"You have?" said I; "it was mamma's!"

which three lines are extracted by permission from
the works of that voluminous poet Anon.
A. J. M.

396; 7th S. vi. 92, 235, 351, 432; vii. 112).-There ANSON'S 'Voyages? (5th S. iii. 489; iv. 78, 100, is no reference to "Divine Providence" in either the seventh edition (Dublin, 1748) or a recent popular edition published by Milner & Co., London.

Liverpool.

J. F. MANSERGH.

ST. SWITHIN.

"The mass proper is said on Christmas Eve," as it is daily throughout the year, except on Good Friday, but in the morning, not in the evening. On Christmas Day there are three masses, the first being the "midnight mass," or missa de nocte, or in gallicantu. This, from being said immediately after midnight, has been inaccurately said to be on Christmas Eve, as by Sir Walter Scott. The second is at dawn, in aurora, and the third is the high mass. Evidence that "other offices said in church," even mere lessons of Holy Scripture, were ever called mass by Catholics would be interesting to many if forthcoming. J. T. F.

Bishop Hatfield's Hall, Durham.

AUSTRIA (7th S. vii. 67).—With no desire to be a captious critic, but for the sake of historical accuracy, may I suggest that information about the Austrian Empire in 1700-1770 is not very likely to be attainable? Francis II. did not declare himself "Emperor of Austria" until 1804, and did not bring the Holy Roman Empire to a close until 1806. Surely the learned and versatile Dr. Bryce has not written in vain!

EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. Hastings Corporation Reference Library. PRONUNCIATION OF "VASE" (7th S. vi. 489; vii. 173).—It is impossible, I think, that vase can ever have been pronounced as if it were spelt vace.

I thought this was sufficiently indicated in p. xiv of my introduction, where I mention the particular MS. selected by the Marquis de Molins for publication, and commend his judgment in the selection. Since the publication of my edition of the Chronicle' I have been favoured with an interesting communication from the Rev. J. H. Pollen, S.J., of St. Asaph, who informs me that there is a MS. of Father Persons (1595) in the archives of Stonyhurst College, in which there are several extracts from the Chronicle,' and the authorship is attributed to a certain Garzias, or Garzias Hispanus. I have not yet been able to find any trace of such person in England at the period, and although I have not had an opportunity of inspecting the Persons MS., I am inclined to think that Garzias may possibly be a mistake for Guaras. Antonio de Guaras is mentioned in the 'Chronicle' somewhat prominently as a merchant resident in London, and acted subsequently as Spanish Consul far into the reign of Elizabeth, by whose orders he was imprisoned whilst acting as diplomatic agent during the long interruption of official relations between England and Spain. It is rather curious that Father Persons should know the name of the author of the 'Chronicle' forty years after it was written, whereas the contemporary copyists were evidently in the dark about it. An inspection of the Persons MS. at Stonyhurst may lead to interesting discoveries. MARTIN A. S. HUME.

Devonshire Club, S.W.

CASA DE PILATOS (7th S. vii. 107).-I went over this building about ten years ago. According to Ford (Murray's 'Handbook for Spain') it is "so called because said to be built in imitation of that of Pilate at Jerusalem. The black cross in the Patio is the point from whence Las Estaciones, the stations to the Cruz del Campo, begin. Few Spanish cities are without these stations, which generally lead to the Calvario, a Golgotha, or hill with crosses on it, and erected in memorial of the crucifixion. During Passion Week these stations are visited, and at each of them a prayer is said. This palace was built in 1533 by the great nobleman of the day, Fadrique Enriquez de Ribera, in commemoration of his having performed the pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1519. He was accompanied by the poet Juan de la Encina, who published their tour (Tribagia, Roma, 1521)."

The traditional part of the Via Dolorosa at Jerusalem commences with the palace of Pilate (now the governor's house), and zigzags through the city to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. HENRY DRAKE.

The story I was told on the spot was that it was built by a noble Romero in memory of his visit to the Holy Land as a facsimile of the house where our Lord was judged, made out from the remains that were pointed out to him as such. I cannot at the moment refer to my notes to ascertain the Romero's name, but I fancy it should be in the guide-books. I remember the marble stairs, the pillar of the flagellation, the basin in which Pilate washed his hands, &c., in reputed facsimile.

R. H. BUSK.

This beautiful Moorish house was built by a Duke of Medina Coeli, and remains in his family. It is most probably, like the exquisite Alcazar in the same city, the work of Moorish captives. I visited it some years ago. It was then in a sad state of neglect, unlike the Alcazar, which has been carefully restored. The reason of its being called the Casa de Pilatos is, as I was then told, that it was the house of Pilate in Jerusalem, and removed by the hands of angels to Seville.

E. LEATON BLENKINSOPP. 'COACHING DAYS AND COACHING WAYS' (7th S. vii. 106).-MR. W. R. TATE says he, "for one," regrets the breaking up of the old system of road travelling; and I say ditto to MR. TATE. But I have one correction and one confirmation to offer to his remarks on the work by W. O. Tristram which he criticizes.

The correction regards his (MR. TATE'S) remark that whereas the illustrations he is criticizing represent "the leader's reins as being drawn through rings on the wheelers' cheeks," they invariably passed over the heads of the wheelers in the case of the old coaches. Invariably is a dangerous word. The reins were generally arranged as MR. TATE asserts. But there always were some horses who were annoyed and made nervous by the reins passing between their ears, and in such cases the

practice of placing them in the manner Mr. Tate supposes to be a modern innovation was resorted to in days which I remember, and which are probably long anterior to any remembrances of his. I may add that I think in dating "the period of the perfection of roads and road travelling" from 1784 he puts it a good thirty years too early. My first coach journeys date from about 1817, and I can testify to very notable improvements both in roads and coaching much after that date.

Now for my confirmation. The illustrations, by H. Railton and H. Thomson, which "always depict two persons on the box seat beside the coachman," which MR. TATE objects to, are in truth a monstrosity in the eyes of an old coaching man. MR. TATE says that invariably there was but one. Alas! we have trouble again with that dangerous invariably; and very serious trouble often arose from the fallibility of it. The fact is that there was a very heavy penalty (50%., I think) on placing a third person on the box, the very reasonable motive of the regulation being that it was quite justly considered that the driver could not have sufficient elbow-room and "scope and verge enough" for doing his work with safety if he were encumbered with more than one passenger on the box. Moreover, this heavy penalty was one of those which were recoverable by any informer; and the result was that the roads were infested by such gentry, not only on the look-out for a contravention, but practising all sorts of dodges to inveigle a good-natured or greedy coachman into letting a third man get up "just for a few miles." the game was so well known that such an application was apt to be answered by a coil of thong winding itself round the thighs of the applicant. MR. TATE writes, "The box seat was the coveted place, for which a small extra fare was demanded." Read "for which a small extra tip was expected." The demand of extra fare points to a much later day of more urgent competition and less liberal dealings.

But

As an indication of the rapid oblivion of the brightest glory, I may mention, while on the subject of coaching, that I read the other day (in All the Year Round, I think) of "the famous Quicksilver" starting from Piccadilly at 4 P.M.! and reaching Exeter late the following evening!! Oh, dear! oh, dear! Shade of Jack Pier!

Budleigh Salterton.

T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE.

Liverpool.

J. F. MANSERGH.

DEATH WARRANT OF CHARLES I. (7th S. vii. 8, 114). I can remember many years ago (about 1844) possessing a copy in facsimile of this document on a large oblong folio sheet, at the top of which was an etching of the unfortunate king, having long hair descending on the shoulders, and wearing his George suspended round his neck by a ribbon. This was presumably the same which he gave to Bishop Juxon on the scaffold, saying at the same time, "Remember." The warrant was engrossed in the ancient court hand at that date in use, and the signatures of the commissioners were appended, having at the sides their seals in red wax, though the heraldic bearings incised upon them were very faint and indistinct. The first three signatures adhibited were Jo. Bradshaw, Tho. Grey, O. Cromwell; and the warrant, which was dated January 29, 1648, ended, "Given under our hands and seals." It was bought in London, and its ultimate destination was being pasted upon the wall of a bedroom. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.

Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

It may be worth while to mention that a facsimile of this document, with the seals, was published some years ago by Mr. J. C. Hotten, and is still advertised for sale by Messrs. Chatto & Windus, at the price of two shillings.

Hastings.

EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M. A.

BLANKET (7th S. vii. 106).-Thomas Blanket was one of three Flemish brothers, clothmakers in Bristol, and was in 1340 ordered by a local court to pay a heavy fine "for having caused various machines for weaving and making woollen cloths to be set up in his houses and for having hired weavers and other workmen for this purpose." And in a licence to the officers of the port of Bristol permitting the Pope's collector to export certain household goods in the year 1382, are enumerated "duos blanketos pro uno lecto." But we find the word in different forms before the fourteenth century. Ducange gives a quotation from a monastic rule of 1152, where certain clothing is ordered to

Swallowfield, Reading.

E. WALFORD, M.A.

C. C. B.

DEATH OF CLIVE (7th S. vi. 207, 293, 430, 518; vii. 56, 198).-Horace Walpole's letters about Lord Clive's death show, when taken together, that they only give contemporary gossip, not evidence. The family naturally kept silence; although one of the many rumours was that he died by cutting his throat, the fact was first published in a circumstantial account by Mr. Gleig in his 'Life of Clive' in 1840. We know that contemporary reports of events at first hand constantly differ in details, and Mr. Gleig's account differs somewhat from the tradition in my family, which is in substance as follows. Lord Clive suffered pain greater than he could bear from an internal complaint, though not, as Dr. Johnson had heard, from remorse of mind. He was playing cards one evening in his house in Berkeley Square with his friend and secretary Henry Strachey, Mrs. Strachey, and Miss Patty Ducarel. During a game, he got up and went out of the room. As he did not come back, Mr. Strachey said to his wife, "You had better see where my lord is." She went out, and found him lying on the floor with his throat cut. She told the story to her son Henry, who told it to me, his nephew. His father could never bear to mention the subject.

Not long before Mr. Gleig's death I wrote to ask him where he got his account from, as it somewhat differed from mine. But I had unfortunately de