AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (7th S. vii. illustration of this is given by Mr. Grier. Lady Buchan 149). In the days of the Rump, &c. In the time of the Rump old Admiral Trump (7th S. vii. 349.) A heart at leisure from itself To soothe and sympathize is from a poem by A. L. Waring, beginning Father, I know that all my life. It may be found in Mrs. Alexander's 'Sunday Book of Every moment [not "instant"] dies a man, &c. era. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &o. John Allen, Vicar of Prees and Archdeacon of Salop. of Athlone writes thus in 1833: "I have a letter from Sir John, who strongly recommends my going by the railroad, and says it would be a great pity that you and Mark should miss the opportunity of seeing it, as there is no danger for those who remain quietly in the carriage." In reference to the same subject, Mr. Grier attributes to Mr. Bright the remark that one of the safest places on the face of the earth is the middle compartment of a first-class railway carriage." We have always understood that this statement was made in a speech by the late Lord Houghton. It is quite possible, however, that the idea may have struck both the peer and the commoner, and that the remark may have been made by both one and the other without any conscious quotation. IN the present translation of the renowned work of Thomas à Kempis the text is for the first time arranged in rhythmic sentences according to the original intention of the author." This innovation distinguishes the edition, and will commend it to a large number of readers. So many theological, moral, and didactic books have been written on verses or texts that the idea is familiar to the English mind. That the work gains much by the arrangement some will not hold. It loses little, however, and the volume is one that for centuries to come will maintain its hold upon the devout reader with a tendency to mysticism. Canon Liddon gives a short preface explanatory of the hold it has taken on the public, and eulogizing the present translation. A short preface by the translator follows, and wisely does not exercise itself with the often renewed disputes as to the authorship. Discussing the claims of Gersen, or Gerson, it simply says of the question of authorship, "In whatever way we decide it, it is certain that we owe the book in its present form to Thomas Haemmerlein," known among the humourists as Malleolus and to the general reader as A Kempis. The edition is handsome and portable, and will no doubt be received with favour. AN interesting number of the Fortnightly opens with the inquiry by Lord Wolseley' Is a Soldier's Life Worth Living?' and advances the opinion that "all other pleasures pale before the intense, the maddening delight of leading men into the midst of an enemy." Highly dramatic and interesting is the account of Musset by M. Arsène Houssaye, of which the second part, describing the death of the poet, is given. Lady Dilke, answering in part Canon Taylor, writes on 'The Great Missionary Success' which she finds in the social and political importance of the proceedings of the educated English gentlemen and the gently nurtured Englishwomen who make themselves one with the Indian people. Mr. William Archer pleads earnestly for "an endowed theatre." Mr. Karl Blind gives some personal recollections of John Bright. Mr. Hamilton Aïdé deals with Colour in Domesticity and Dress' and Cardinal Manning with 'The Education Commission and the School Rate.'-In the Nineteenth Century Lady Jersey gives a picturesque account of The Hindu at Home.' She is a close observer, and dwells upon points likely to escape masculine attention. Mr. Edward Clifford gives a dreadful account of leprosy, under the title of With Father Damien and the Lepers.' Much seems to be expected from the remedy the gurjun oil. An imposing array of contriOur older readers will call to mind the terror that rail-butors includes Lord Armstrong, Mr. Edward Dicey, the ways inspired when they first came into use, An amusing | Bishop of Peterborough, Mr, Gladstone, &c.; but the sub jects generally are political or polemical.-"Orcagna," otherwise Andrea di Cione, is treated by Mr. Stillman in the Century, and there are some reproductions of quaint figures of women of some nine feet or upwards. A very attractive account is given of Samoa, and of American relations with it. Round about Jerusalem' and The Monasteries of Ireland' are articles to be read, and there are some delightful and well-illustrated recollections of J. F. Millet. Mr. W. J. Lawrence writes pleasingly and eruditely on Stage Falstaffs' in the Gentleman's.Macmillan's has a characteristic paper by Mr. Walter Pater on The Bacchanals of Euripides.' Prof. Freeman's City and Borough' deserves to be closely studied, and A Passion-Play on the Italian Lakes' is vividly described. Very primitive appear to have been the representations.-The brilliant description in Temple Bar of Mr. Disraeli is concluded, and constitutes delight ful reading. Prototypes of Thackeray's Characters' bas interest for students of Thackeray's books and friends, now a rapidly dwindling few of the mass. The Romance of Dorothy Osborne draws fresh attention to a not-to-be-forgotten book.-Dr. Hamilton writes in Murray's on Wild Bird Life in London' and Mr. Shand on 'The Personality of Prince Bismarck.'- Father Damien and the Lepers' is treated in Longman's, also, in which magazine appears an excellent account of Fiesole under the title A Hill-top Stronghold.'-One of the best articles of the month is 'The Last of the Southeys,' contributed to the Cornhill. The account of Southey is quite admirable. Venice in Spring' is readable.-Abingdon is well described by letterpress and illustrations in the English Illustrated. 'A Peep into the Coal Country' is also well illustrated. WE have received the Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Statistics of Labour of the State of New York, which was laid by the Chief Commissioner, Mr. C. F. Pack, before the Legislature in April, 1888. It is a closelyprinted octavo of nearly eight hundred pages, full of lucidly-arranged facts. We cannot profess to have read the whole of it, for a good part of the volume is composed of tables. We have, however, read sufficient to show that it is a work with which all English economists ought to make themselves acquainted. Its facts and inferences are not of the kind with which we deal. It has, however, a certain interest on account of some of the words it contains. We find " "boycott used several times as a substantive, and are told that the "New York longshoremen and the Old Dominion Steamship Company had got into a snarl." Somebody should read Mr. Pack's pages for Dr. Murray's Dictionary.' THE Scottish Art Review for May reproduces The Sulky Boy' of Greuze, continues the articles on 'Bohemianism and 'Anticoli-Corrado,' and has a good paper on 'Madame Sévigné aux Rochers.' In the Bookbinder (Clowes & Sons) Mr. Quaritch continues his Short History of Bookbinding' and Mr. Weale his English Bookbinding in the Reigns of Henry VII. and VIII.' A binding by Wynkyn de Worde of about 1516 is reproduced, as is in colours a magnificent specimen of Monnier binding. THE Monthly Chronicle of North Country Lore and Legend (Scott) opens with an account of the Bewick Club and its founder. Pictures of John Bright and of Kirkstall Abbey are among the illustrations. MESSRS. CASSELL's publications lead off with the Illus trated Shakespeare, in which Troilus and Cressida is given. The illustrations of Cassandra and of the hero and heroine are acceptable, but that of Achilles presents the hero as too feminine.-Our Own Country, Part LII., now approaching completion, quits Iona, Staffa, and Arran, and deals with Richmond, in Yorkshire, no whit inferior in beauty to its Surrey namesake. Good views of the market place and of the three towers with the Cistercian tower in the foreground, and of the castle and bridge, are given. Easby Abbey is depicted, and the reader is then taken to Wales, to St. David's and Haverfordwest. Old and New London, Part XX., depicts Christ's Hospital, of which many views are given, The Charterhouse and the old Fleet Prison, &c., have abundant antiquarian interest.-Part XIV. of The History of Music, by M. Naumann, opens with Luther and the music of the Protestant Church, and treats incidentally of folk-songs. It has a good portrait of Faustina Bordoni Hasse. - Picturesque Australasia, Part VII., has some very curious illustrations of native houses, including the tree houses, and of native life. The Owen Stanley Ranges and York Island, Torres Straits, are exhibited in fullpage illustrations.-Part LXIV. of The Encyclopædic Dictionary takes the alphabet from "Round "to" Saul Tree." Under "Safety" and its combinations a large amount of encyclopaedic information is given. "Saffron,' Saltpetre," San Benito," "Sanctification," are words to be consulted with special advantage.-Celebrities of the Century, Part IV., has lives of Capt. Burnaby, Sir Richard Burton, Lord Cairns, Randolph Caldecott, George Canning, Lord Castlereagh, &c., and there is a good and well-condensed life of Thomas Carlyle. -The Woman's World is well carried out. There is a good engraving of David's picture in the Versailles Gallery of Madame du Recamier. A Lady of Fashion in 1750,' by Mrs. Comyns Carr, is especially good. 66 THE first of two parts of Royal Academy Pictures has been issued by Messrs. Cassell, the second and concluding part being due at the close of the month. Among the works in the present instalment are masterpieces of the President, Messrs. Watts, Woolner, Alma Tadema, Frith, Brett, Yeames, &c. The whole will constitute a pleasing souvenir of the exhibition. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." F. L. TAVARE ("Escoiquiez ").-All concerning this monk and the trouble in Bayonne in 1808 (not in 1806) will be found in his life in the Biographie Universelle and in ordinary descriptions of Bayonne. W. SOMERSET ("Canif").-The word, according to Littré, comes from knifr, ancient Scandinavian. P. ("Pronunciation of Centenary'").-You will do well, in spite of the evil example of your neighbours, to follow the teaching of the dictionaries you mention. son-Sir C. C. Pepys, 389. REPLIES:-"The" in Place-Names, 389-"Divine Aspasia" Melloni's Birth-Brussels Gazette,' 391-Bree-Chestnuts -Blunders of Authors-Rev. J. Hackman- Harvey Duff, 392-"Possession is nine points of the law"-Constantine -Portrait of J. Harrison-Dragoons and Hussars-Yahoo Simonides, 393-Befront-Pulpits in Churches-" Faire une gaffe," 394-Tours Cathedral-" The one" and "the other " -Dora Thorne'-Manual of Arms: Fontenoy, 395-Trapezium, 396-Books of Travel-Wordsworth, 397-C. Owen -Corporation Churches-Insignia of Knighthood-Samuel Pepys-Magna Charta, 398. NOTES ON BOOKS: -Roberts's 'Earlier History of English Bookselling'-Newman's Reminiscences of Two Exiles.' Notices to Correspondents, &c. Notes. GATTICO OF NOVARA ON ALTARS. John Baptist Gattico, of Novara, a canon regular of the Lateran Church, in his folio Prospectus Opusculi de Usu Altaris Portatilis, Romæ, 1770, added to which is a tract 'De Oratoriis Domesticis,' gives many valuable particulars as to altars in whole or part made of precious metals. Their origin was, as will be seen, Byzantine. 1. St. Ambrose is said to have celebrated the blessed sacrament privately in the house of a Roman lady: "S. Ambrosius in domo matronæ Romæ celebravit," this reference being given in the index as p. 262 of 'De Or. Dom.'; but, though the statement is in the tract, the number of the page is, I think, wrongly given in the index. 2. De Usu Alt. Port.,' cap. i. sec. iv. p. 348. Hebrews xiii. 10, "We have an altar," is generally interpreted as applying to the Christian altar; but Aquinas thought the reference was to Christ himself, "Allegoricè hoc loco interpretatus Doctor Angelicus S. Thomas altare pro Christo." 3. In a chapel of Sta. Prudentiana at Rome can still be seen, between the chinks of the stone altar, the wooden mensa on which St. Peter is said to have celebrated; but Arringhi and another writer, "Florentinus," his name not being, however, given, say that St. Peter's altar is in the church of Sta. Praxede. Gattico says that the monks of Vallom brosa, "ejusdem ecclesiæ cultores," when interrogated by Bianchini, declared their ignorance that they possessed any such treasure, and Gattico therefore conjectures that this belief about the church of Sta. Praxede originated in a confusion between the name of that church and the church of Sta. Prudentiana. 4. Christian altars are distinctly spoken of in St. Ignat., Ep. ad Ephes.' and Ep. ad Philadelph.'; in Origen, Hom. ii., 'In Num.'; Tertullian, De Orat.,' cap. x.; St. Cyprian, Ep. 40, 42; and St. Firmilian, Ep. ad Cypr.' But some quote Minucius Felix, Origen, and Arnobius on the other side, as though (and the words are sublime) "Deus in nostrâ dedicandus est mente, in nostro consecrandus est pectore." Alt. Port.,' cap. ii. sects. iii. and iv. pp. 356-7. 5. Were altars ever of gold or silver? 'De Usu In some old Pontificals, apud Martene, instead of the words "ut lapidis hujus," &c., in the office for consecrating an altar, the form runs "ut metalli hujus," &c. Anastasius Bibliothecarius, in his Pontificale (in "Life of St. Hilary"), notes a silver altar weighing 40 lb. Ib., in "Life of St. Sylvester," it is stated that Constantine erected in the Lateran Basilica an altar "argento et auro clusum cum gemmis prasinis [i. e., emeralds probably] et hyacinthinis et albis 210 ornatum undique pensans libras 350." Ib., in the Basilica of St. Lawrence, "In Agro Verano," was an altar of purest_silver, weighing 200 lb., and a similar one in the Basilica of SS. Peter and Marcellinus. Ib., in "Life of Sixtus III.," Anastasius says that that Pontiff gave to the Liberian Basilica an altar of the purest silver, weighing 300 lb., and also an altar and confessionary of St. Lawrence of the finest silver. In the "Life of St. Sylvester" Constantine is said to have given to the Church of the Holy Cross in Rome a golden altar, weighing 250 lb. But in the Archbishop of Bologna's book, 'De Sacrifio Missa' (and the famous writer was afterwards a Pope), it is conjectured (and Gattico agrees with him) that these altars were merely plated with gold or silver lamina. One of these cases Anastasius records specifically "In Basilica SS. Dei Genetricis quæ est ad Præsepe in altari ipsius Præsepis fecit laminas ex auro purissimo, historiis depictis [compare M. du Caumont's reference to "dalles historiées" in his 'Abécédaire'] pensantes simul libras 105," So in the "Life of Leo III." a pall or altar frontal or antependium of gold and silver is probably all that is meant. In the will of a Count Everard, who lived in the tenth century, is noted "altare argento paratum unum "; but (cf. French parures) this may mean only with silver vestings, or perhaps only the altar "stoles" were silver. Again, the Abbé Suger, who built St. Denis, near Paris, and the Sainte Chapelle in old Paris, in his 'Liber de Rebus in Administratione suâ Gestis,' says: "Sacratus siquidem lapis porphireticus [sic], qui superest aræ non minus qualitativo colore quam quantitativâ magnitudine satis aptus, concavo ligno, auro operto, ipsâ vetustate interpolato admodum disrupto cingebatur." But though, to use the distinction in Pausanias and Lucian between the pagan statues that were solid gold (oλóxpvoa) and those that were only plated (erixpuoa), most altars were only éríxpvoa, Gattico admits that some altars of solid precious metal did exist. One was the altar of St. Sophia at Constantinople, mentioned by Paulus Silentiarius in his 'Descr. et Liber 6, Constantinopol. Christianæ,' n. 53. The passage is too long to quote, but he speaks of the columns " sacræ mensæ ex auro omnino conflate"; and it is added that this altar was decorated (vide also Ducange) with gold, silver, and other precious metals, and also with pearls and mosaics. Porphyrogenitus, in his Life of the Emperor Basil, the Macedonian,' cap. lv., states that that sovereign erected in his own palace an altar of the same material as that of St. Sophia. "Possibly also [says Gattico himself] those altars were of solid gold which were set up in the Basilica built by Helena on the site of Christ's Passion, which Basilica is called 'aureis dives altaribus' by St. Paulinus [of Nola] in his Ep. ad Severum.' So also Sozomen tells us in book ix. of his Eccl. Hist.,' cap. i., that the Empress Pulcheria gave to the church of Constantinople a golden mensa adorned with jewels. Similarly [he continues] the altar constructed of gold and placed in the Basilica of St. Ambrose in the year A.D. 832 by Angilbert, the fifty-seventh Bishop of Milan, may have been said to be of pure gold, although not actually of solid gold." H. DE B. H. HYMNS ATTRIBUTED TO ADDISON. In the Christian World newspaper of April 18 the following paragraph occurs : "In our first notice of the new Hymns Ancient and Modern' the hymn When all thy mercies' is attributed to Addison. Mr. John C. Francis writes to remind us that the authorship was claimed by Richard Richmond, Rector of Walton-on-the-Hill from 1690 to 1720. He sent it in a letter he addressed to Justice (Secretary) Ellis, asking for Church preferment, and Ellis probably handed it to Addison. The latter published it in the Spectator, according to a promise he had made that he would sometimes give his readers original unpublished poetry which had fallen into his hands." This statement, although supported by the high authority of Mr. John C. Francis and the Athenæum, has been often refuted, or, at least, discredited, but it crops up again from time to time as a new and original discovery. Let us see how the matter stands. Three hymns which first appeared in the Spectator are usually ascribed to Joseph Addison. They are: "The Lord my pasture shall prepare,' ," "The spacious firmament on high," and "When all thy mercies, O my God." Whoever wrote one of them certainly wrote the whole three. The flow of thought, the rhythm and melody of the versification, the mode of expression, point as surely to one mind as does the style of Cowper, Tennyson, Byron, or Wordsworth. The three hymns bear the same signature "C.," which it has never been doubted indicate the authorship of Addison. One would think that to overturn this plain simple statement of fact, combined with the (until recently) undisputed ascription to Addison during 170 years, very strong evidence would be required. What does it amount to? The claim of Andrew Marvell may be summarily dismissed. I cannot find a shred of trustworthy evidence in its favour. In the Athenæum of July 10, 1880, Mr. E. J. L. Scott writes that he has found among the papers of Mr. John Ellis, Under Secretary of State in the reign of Queen Anne, an original letter, with no date, addressed to Mr. Ellis, and signed Richard Richmond," and the writer encloses, as his own composition, the above hymn, and founds thereon a plea for preferment in the Church. The letter runs as follows: The Rt Worshipfull Mr Justice Ellis in Pall Mall. Most honored 8,-Your piety and prudence, your charity and candour, engrave your name for posterity, as well as the present age to admire. Therein appropriate virtues and hope it may prove a motive for your honour's this most excellent hymn, suitable Sir, to your excellent Christian benevolence to the author in adversity to comfort the sorrows in life. Shall be thankfull to heaven. and your worship's most gracious hand. RICHARD RICHMOND Mr. Scott adds that the author seems to have been Rector of Walton-on-the-Hill, co. Lancaster, from 1690 to 1730. I suppose that Ellis on receipt of the hymn handed it over to Addison, a fellow secretary, to make what use of it he pleased. Was there ever so formidable a superstructure raised on such a flimsy foundation? The whole claim is so absurd that at the touch of the Ithuriel spear of common sense it vanishes into thin air. A man who signs "Richard Richmond," and gives neither date nor place, writes a begging letter to a Government official asking for charity, and 170 years afterwards a caterer for the public press accidentally picks up the letter and jumps to the conclusion that this man was a certain clergyman, of the same name, and that what he wanted was preferment in the Church. There is not the slightest indication of anything of the kind. The identity of the two men has not a particle of proof. There surely might be more than one Richard Richmond alive at the time. There were six Richmonds conflicting on Bosworth Field, and fifty more might have been found if required. The assumptions in Mr. Scott's letter are extraordinary. The writer of the letter does not "enclose the hymn as his own composition." He calls it "a most excellent hymn,' a motive for your honour's Christian benevolence." The word "author" evidently means the author of the letter. He does not "ask for preferment in the Church." He never mentions the Church at all. The letter is simply a whining appeal for charity, such as most of us are receiving every week. And now for the facts of the case, which I think give the coup de grâce to this impudent claim. The Rev. Richard Richmond was rector of the parish of Walton-on-the-Hill, near Liverpool, from 1690 to 1720. The living is one of the richest in Lancashire, and the advowson had been in the family for generations. He was connected both by blood and marriage with many of the gentry of the County Palatine. During his incumbency an Act was passed separating Liverpool from Walton as a distinct parish, and the rector received a consider able sum in compensation. To suppose a gentleman in a position like this would ask for " 'your honour's Christian benevolence to the author in adversity, to comfort the sorrows in life," would require an amount of credulity which would hesitate at nothing. It may be interesting to know that the Rev. Leigh Richmond, in after years the author of 'The Dairyman's Daughter,' was a scion of the same stock. J. A. PICTON. Sandyknowe, Wavertree. SHAKSPEARIANA. SHAKSPEARIAN COMMENTARY.-For the next Intermediate Examination in Arts of the London University Shakspeare's 'King John' is one of the books set. I am reading up the Clarendon Press edition of the play. The annotation seems admirable in the main, but on two points the editors seem to me so hopelessly bewildered that I should be more than obliged to have your assistance in the matter. In III. i., where Pandulph combats the hesitation of the King of France, he says (as usually printed) : upon its clearness; but beyond all question it is not "what Shakspeare intended." What Shakspeare intended he has set down exactly in the text as it stands in the folio. Johnson's suggestion of a full stop at "oath" (or the usual colon) is, of course, obvious. In those days full stops were not unfrequently allowed to look after themselves, or be supplied by the reader. But what poisons the passage is to omit after "truth," as all our modern editions do, the comma which the folio so carefully supplies. Current practice makes the passage run, The truth thou art unsure to swear, regarding "thou art" as equivalent to "one is," and taking the whole as a general statement. But what truth is it which one is unsure to swear? or what meaning has "unsure" in this collocation? or what meaning has the passage? Certainly none with the Shakspearian ring about it. But regard it in this way. "Thou art unsure to swear " is not intended to qualify "truth" directly." It is meant as a sneer at the French King. "Thou" refers solely to Philip, as if Pandulph said, "The truth-the truth absolute (which is my truth), and which thou, Philip, art so unsure (or uncertain) at swearing although you stand up stiffly enough for this inferior, secondary sort of oath you have taken -this truth alone binds by an oath which must not be forsworn." This rendering appears to me to clear up all doubt and to put the true life into the passage. To prevent further error, I would suggest that the punctuation of the folio be immediately restored, and perhaps that in the second case "truth" be printed with a large T. Point No. 2 occurs in IV. ii. King John, excusing himself to his nobles for his double coronation, says: Some reasons of this double coronation I have possess'd you with, and think them strong; The note on this passage surprises me. It says:"More strong in proportion as my fear is less. The first folio reads then lesser,' the second and third 'then lesse,' the fourth then less.' Then' is the common spelling of 'than' in the old editions. Pope reads............ the lesser.' Tyrwhitt suggested 'when' for 'then,' and was followed by Steevens. The Clarendon Press editor adds, "There appears to be no reason for departing from the original reading "—an opinion which is safe, but not satisfying. Here again the folios clear up whatever doubt there may be. The discrepancy between "lesser and "lesse" (or "less") seems by no means haphazard, but rather shows that in the later folios rhythm may have been sacrificed for the sake of clearness and to avoid the very error into which the commentators appear to have fallen. I am much exercised to know how these came to join |