gate," but I do not know where he got his spelling, which is suggestive of another etymon than Wip. One of the characters in "Theophilus Woodhead," an illustrative story in 'The Dialect of Leeds and its Neighbourhood' (J. Russell Smith, 1862), is made to say, p. 169: "I can myself remember the time when Birmingham was a three day's journey, and the mertropolis a weeks journey, when the Tear-away' started from t' Cock an' Bottle at four o'clock one night and travell'd neet an' day till we pooled up at t' Blue Hog, Holborn Hill, stopping to bait at t' Duke o' York, Black Lion, Crown an' Anchor, John O' Groat's, Bell an' Beauty, Three Goats, Boy an' Barrel, Whip-muh- Wap-muh, an' Owd George, where thuh always hed hot sandwidges a waiting for us in t' green parlour." "Hot sandwidges"! only think-but I shall digress if I let my imagination dwell on them. It suffices for me to ask, Where was this Whip-muhWap-muh inn; and had its name anything to do with flagellation? ST. SWITHIN. BOOK MUSLIN.-The earliest instance that our readers sent in for this word for the Philological Society's 'New English Dictionary 'was in 1836. I find it sixty-seven years earlier, in the Public Advertiser for November 14, p. 3, col. 3: "260 Dozen Book and Jaconot Muslins and clear Lawns"; but the name must surely occur before that! Can any correspondent give earlier instances? F. J. FURNIVALL. OLD WARDEN CHURCH, BEDS.-Is it known where the panelling in this church came from? It is obviously foreign-some of it evidently Italian; but there are many panels with the monogram "A. C." on them. These are, so far as I can judge, neither English nor Italian. It has been suggested that they were brought from the Low Countries, and that "A. C." stands for Anne of Cleves. I do not agree with this theory. The carving does not seem to me to be of that date. I should be obliged for information as to the date of the panels with the monogram on them, and whose the monogram was. Perhaps some Bedfordshire antiquary_can tell us about them. F. P. CLASP. The earliest quotation sent in for the "New English Dictionary' for clasp in the sense of a military decoration is from a general order dated October 7, 1813, and published in the London Gazette of October 9. When were clasps of this kind first issued? I should be greatly obliged if correspondents could supply any examples of the word earlier than the above. GEO. L. APPERSON. 11, Park Road, Wimbledon. ST. GEORGE'S FIELDS, SOUTHWARK, AND HAMPSTEAD HEATH.-In a folio MS. volume, lettered Algebra, H. O., 1680," there is: "Sept. 3, 1680. Measured St. George's Fields in Southwark, beginning at Sluts well and going westward sets of to ye right hand." With the measurements is a large plan, giving the following points: Sluttswell or Gravell Lane, Robin Hood, Almes House, Winmill, Sir George Williamson's post, St. George's Fort, Lambeth Marsh Lane, and the Restoration House. "April 25, 1680. Measured Hamsted Heath, beginning at Pond Street and going north west." This is given in a MS. folio volume by "H. O., 1684." With the measurements is a plan giving the following points: Pond Street, a Bog, Mother Hough, Green Man, a Gule, Sand Pit, Winmill Road. Can any correspondent give me information as to who "H. O." was? G. J. GRAY. Tours Length in feet. Height within in feet. 435 144 430 124 415 106 410 105 256 95 Neither can Tours vie with the other cathedrals in stateliness and magnificence of architecture, though few churches offer a more interesting and instructive lesson in the succession of the medieval styles. Beginning with the choir, dating from 1170, we have the transepts of the thirteenth century, and the nave, gradually getting later and later in style till we reach the west end, where the last two bays are not much earlier than the western façade, which, with the upper stages of the towers, belongs to the close of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries. This western façade is the great glory of the cathedral. It presents the three lofty, recessed, canopied portals so common in France and so rare in England, of which the north transept of Westminster and the south porch of the retro-choir of Lincoln Minster furnish faint resemblances. Above the central portal, instead of the usual circle or marigold, there is an eight-light window with a kind of circular arrangement of arches in the head. The towers terminate in octagonal lanterns with domical heads reaching to the height of 200 ft., and, what is not very usual in France, are both alike and both finished. Mr. Fergusson compares the Cathedral of Tours with that of Toul, as both "presenting many points of great beauty," the western façades of each being "the most remarkable features," of late date, with "details verging on the style of the Renaissance, and yet so Gothic in design and so charmingly executed as to lead us to believe, in spite of the fanciful extravagance it displays, that the architects were approaching something new and beautiful when the mania for classical details overtook them." The painted glass which fills the windows, especially that in the apse, is unusually splendid, and imparts an air of surpassing attractiveness to the building on first entrance. Still, with all its merits, the Cathedral of Tours is essentially of the second class, and "attaineth not unto the first three." EDMUND VENables. When MR. BOUCHIER goes, as I hope he will, to Milan, let him get up early on Sunday morning and go up to the top of the Dom. There, unless things have changed very lately, he will find the citizens seated in family parties upon the clean white marble slabs of the roof, each group breakfasting al fresco on manchet bread and wine and sausage or cold fowl, and gazing, meanwhile, from that airy height upon the Alps above them, and upon the plains of Lombardy below. It is a breakfast not soon to be forgotten. A. J. M. MR. JONATHAN BOUCHIER asks, "Will some of your readers who are well acquainted with the French cathedrals say what, in their opinion, is the merit of Tours compared with the other cathedrals of France ?" I am no architect, but have a tolerably wide acquaintance with the French cathedral churches. Speaking en amateur, I should say that Tours is very far inferior to Amiens, Rheims, Chartres, or Notre Dame de Paris; also very inferior to the Cathedral or St. Ouen of Rouen, and still more so to Bourges, which MR. BOUCHIER does not mention. Italy by no means "holds the field " against France in the splendour of her ecclesiastical architecture, as MR. BOUCHIER suggests-very far from it. Milan beats the world for costliness of material, surely not for form or beauty of colouring. That grand church is also wofully disfigured by the bumptiously vulgar west front of a much later and immensely inferior style and period. The glass in Milan is fine of a comparatively recent date, but far inferior, I think, to that of Chartres, and perhaps also in splendour to that of Auch. The east. end of Le Mans is pre-eminently fine, and so is the fragment of a church at Beauvais, the nave of which fell in consequence of too hurried ambition to outdo Amiens in point of height. MR. BOUCHIER is quite right in thinking that the Cathedral of Tours is not equal in magnificence to the four other French cathedrals which he names. I have not seen Tours for thirteen years; but, according to my recollection, its chief beauty consists in this that you go down, and not up, into it from the western door, and that by this means you obtain, as you enter it that way, a very complete and noble vista of the whole length and breadth of a graceful nave and choir. As to Amiens, MR. BOUCHIER, of course, knows, or must instantly get to know, Mr. Ruskin's 'Bible of Amiens.' Rheims, the cathedral and the city, are to me, a fact of infinite significance; for I was last there during the German occupation. In the cathedral, the stout, ruddy German soldiers strolled up and down, quiet and orderly, but with their forage-caps on; in the great square, I stood by the statue of Louis I think I can satisfy MR. JONATHAN BOUCHIER'S XV., and read on its base these words: "Il a juré doubts about the mention of Tours Cathedral in d'etre nôtre père, et il fut fidèle à son serment";Quentin Durward' as "the most magnificent and looking up, I beheld on the steps of some public building a relief of the Prussian guard, seated there, a silent and striking commentary on the words I had just been reading. As to Milan, it is to be observed that the Dom there is in point of architecture not an Italian church, but an exotic from the northern side of the Alps. It is intensely interesting, not only because of its virginal beauty, but for the sake of St. Carlo, and his chapel, and his Sunday school-the first Sunday school that ever was; but the true representative at Milan of Italy and of the ancient Christian worship is St. Ambrogio. But I should take up far too much of your space if I were tempted to go further into this subject. Italy has singularly little first-rate ecclesiastical architecture. Budleigh Salterton. T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. in France." Although Sir Walter Scott had never visited the country in which he lays the scenes of that novel, he is perfectly accurate in the above statement. It is true that the present Cathedral of Tours, though an elegant Gothic edifice, by no means ranks among the finest or largest in France; but at the time of Louis XI.—that is, in the days of Quentin Durward-it possessed one of the largest or finest in that country in the famed Cathedral of St. Martin of Tours, the first Metropolitan. It was attached to one of the wealthiest and most powerful ecclesiastical establishments in Europe, and kings and princes were proud to be enrolled The "immense Gothic mass......the most magnificent church in France" and the "Church of St. Gratien" mentioned by Sir Walter Scott in 'Quentin Durward' in the same paragraph (chap. xiv.) were the Abbey Church (? Cathedral) of St. Martin and the Cathedral of St. Gatien respectively. The abbey church was destroyed in the Revolution, with the exception of the Tour Charlemagne and the Tour St. Martin. Salmon says in his 'Modern History,' third edition, 1745, vol. ii. p. 506, "The Present State of France," chap. xxxi. :— "The cathedral dedicated to St. Gatien has nothing to St. Martin, who is the favourite saint of the place, and by whom they pretend many miracles have been wrought, that is one of the largest structures in the kingdom." remarkable in it; but there is another church dedicated Blackie's 'Imperial Gazetteer' (sub "Tours") says of the two towers that they are "remarkable as the only relics which the revolutions of 1793 have left of the vast Cathedral of St. Martin of Tours after it had flourished for twelve centuries." The Cathedral of St. Gatien is not equal to any one of those of Amiens, Rheims, or Paris. St. Austin's, Warrington. ROBERT PIERPOINT. QUARLES (7th S. vi. 225, 373; vii. 14).-Full information about the Quarles family, of Ufford, Northants, and about the branch of it that settled at Romford, in Essex, together with a clear account (with documents) of Francis, the poet, and of the College of Arms pedigree of the family, as certified by the poet's brother, Sir Robert Quarles, in 1634, was printed in the numbers of the East Anglian from October, 1867, to May, 1868. Dr. Grosart incorporated most of the matter into his valuable edition of Francis Quarles's 'Works' in the Chertsey Worthies Library," 3 vols., 1880, and he added from Col. Chester a little other good matter. Indeed, as concerns Francis Quarles the poet, he has left nothing to be done. Two points of interest remain. First, the statement of a correspondent that "the name of Francis Quarles...... looks peculiar," with a suggestion (as I take it to be) of a Low Country origin of the name. Quarles is a Norfolk place-name, now the name of a farm and hamlet (which seems once to have had a parish church) in the neighbourhood of North Creake and of Holkham. In Domesday it occurs twice in the hundred of "Grene hoga" (Greenhoe). In the 'Terra Regis,' Norfolk facsimile, p. ix, it is "Huerueles," and in the 'Terra Rogeri Bigot,' p. cxli, "in Gueruelei" "Turstinus filius Guidonis' holds one berwite: it was connected with "Creic." From Blomefield's 'Norfolk' we can find in the reign of Henry III. a Martin de Quarueles, and a Robert, son of Ralph Quarles, and a William Quarles, benefactor to Creke Abbey,-also in 1383 a John de Quarles, rector of Letheringset; a Margaret, wife of John Quarles, in 50 Edward III., chaplain, who became in 1506 vicar of East Winch, connected with Holkham; a Thomas Quarles, in 1507 rector of West Winch, and in 1509 rector of Roydon. Moreover, a Cecilia Quarles was a sister in Normans' Hospital, in Norwich, in 1532. It is probable, therefore, that the Ufford Quarleses went from Norfolk, even if they settled there so long back as temp. Henry V., as the pedigree says. According to the pedigree, two sons (John and Thomas) of Francis, the esquire who died at Ufford 1570, came to Norwich. A John Quarles was admitted a freeman of the city 31 Henry VIII., and a Thomas Quarles 29 Henry VIII. (29 Henry VII. in Rye's list, no doubt a misprint); his sons Edmund and Henry were admitted in 1581. It is curious, however, that something very like this name does occur among the Walloons in Norwich. Thus Tanque Querrels, in March, 1602; Jan de Querle, December, 1628; and Jan Kerele, August, 1611, were witnesses of baptism in the Walloon Church. Cf. Moens, 'The Walloon Churches of Norwich,' ii. 84, 22, 82. The second point is to correct a mistake made by Mr. Riley in the Historical MSS. Commission Reports, ii. p. 117, dated 1871. In looking over the documents of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, he found the admission of a Francis Quarles, and so he wrote, "He is still remembered as the author of the 'Emblems' (mainly borrowed, however, from the 'Pia Desideria' of Herman Hugo, the Jesuit), his numerous other works being forgotten." Mr. Riley could hardly have been expected to know his East Anglian, but he did not even know his Fuller's 'Essex Worthies,' or the memoir of the poet by his wife, published in 1645 in the preface to 'Solomon's Recantation,' or any of the Quarles literature. He has confused two men. The poet was Francis, son of James, born May, 1592, at Stewards, Romford, Essex, who went up to Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1605, and, so far as is known, took no degree. The Caius books show that "Francis Quarles, son of Edmund, citizen of Norwich, at school in Norwich under Mr. Brigs [master of the Grammar School], aged fifteen, was admitted scholar April 14, 1606," and when "M. A. was admitted pensionarius major (fellow commoner) on November 17, 1613." He was son of the Edmund Quarles who was admitted freeman of the city of Norwich in 1581, being son of Thomas, and so second cousin once removed of the poet. I do not know what became of him, but I hope to find him in "Francis Quarles, minister of Newton, near Sudbury," whose will was registered at Canterbury in 1658. O. W. TANCOCK. The CARDINAL QUIGNON'S BREVIARY (6th S. xi. 448; xii. 18; 7th S. vi. 123, 397, 519).-An edition of the first text of Quignon, hitherto undescribed, was sold at Messrs. Puttick & Simpson's in December last. The notes which I have taken of it are these. Title: "Breviarivm [red capitals] | Romanvm Nvper [black capitals] | reformatum, in quo sacrae scripture libri, probateq: | sanctorum historie eleganter beneq: dispositæ leguntur." This last word is in black roman type; from "dispositæ " to "reformatum " in red roman. In the middle of the page is a fleur de lys, much floriated; and below this in red capitals M.D.XXXVI. whole is enclosed in an oblong border, which on the outer edge is 85 by 56 mm.; the lower part shows in a circle a monogram on D. H., the initials of the printer. Below the border, in black Roman type, is, "Non recedat volumen legis huius ab ore tuo, Sed meditaberis in eo, diebus ac noctibus." The preface, "Cogitanti mihi," begins on the reverse of the title. The colophon is: " Lvgdvni, [in black capitals] Per Dionysium Harsium, Anno 1536. | Mense Maio." On verso is a vernicle surrounded by a crown of thorns. The book is a 16mo., Gothic type (red and black), in two columns; lines 40; printed surface 57 by 90 mm. No signature titles of any sort. The prefatory matter before Psalter 16 ff., without pagination. Psalter: f. 1-60 recto. On verso of f. 60 the Annunciation. Dominicale f. 61435 recto. On verso the Circumcision of our Lord. Sanctorale 436 recto to 488 recto. The months of the Calendar have the verses from the school of Salerno under them; and the movable feasts begin with 1535. So far as I have examined this edition it seems to be descended from the Venice edition of the first text rather than from the Roman edition. It retains the rubrics at St. Matthias and Nativity of St. John Baptist as in the Venice edition, which the Roman, Paris, and Antwerp editions have not; and in many other readings in the preface and Sanctorale it has followed the Venice edition rather than any other known to me. A few months ago I came across a reference to a third Paris edition of the first text. Hypolite Helyot (Supplement du Journal des Sçavans,' du dernier juin, 1708, p. 234) says there was an edition in 8vo., printed in 1535 by Julian Lunel, and that this book was in the Library of the Minimes of the Place Royale. The privilege of Paul III, was at the head of this copy, and afterwards were these words, "Postea vero eorum unus qui privilegio à S.D. N. Papa collato gaudent Julianum Lunel Parisiorum Universitatis Bibliopolam Privilegii sibi indulti, participem fecit, eique exemplar misit ut deinceps Parisiis imprimere posset." Thus since the publication of the Cambridge edition of the first text I have been able to collect notes of three more editions: one described in 'N. & Q.' (7th S. vi. 123) and these two. Thus of a text which some years ago was said to have perished with the exception of a few leaves in the National Library at Paris, there have now been found something like ten editions, and very likely there remain more to be found out. If any attempt had been made before to give a history of Cardinal Quignon's Breviary, a whole number of 'N. & Q' would not have been enough. Hitherto the notes have been mainly bibliographical. Those who wish for an historical and analytical notice may possibly find something in the Church Quarterly Review for January, 1889. The first notice that I yet have found of the resemblance of our English Prayer Book to the Breviary of Cardinal Quignon is in Schultingius's Bibliotheca Ecclesiastica,' Colon. Ag., 1599, t. i. par. i. cap. xxxxviii. p. 101. In a marginal note to this chapter on Quignon, where he speaks of the objections to this Breviary, he says, "Hæ etiam rationes valent ad Anglicalvinistarum formulam quæ similis est huic." The writer (probably Cardinal Newman) of No. 75 of the Oxford Tracts for the Times' in 1836 alludes to Quignon, whose Breviary, he says, “will remind the English reader of the introductory remarks concerning the Service of the Church, prefixed to our own Ritual." In Sir William Palmer's Origines Liturgica' I do not find the preface to the II. Text of Quignon printed in parallel columns with the preface to our book until the fourth edition, in 1845. I have examined the first and third editions. And even then Palmer does not print the preface to the I. Text. He only compares the 1662 preface of our book with II. Text of Quignon, that is, the text of all the editions which appeared from 1536 to 1566. The preface of Edward's first book is a tolerably close translation of the preface of Quignon's I. Text of 1535 and 1536, much changed from the II. Text. It is a mistake to believe that the only difference between the I. and II. Texts of Quignon is the addition of antiphons to the Psalms. The II. Text has a different preface, calendar, general rubrics, and a perfectly distinct lectionary. All are so different that it was found impossible to present the two texts together in the Cambridge edition of the I. Text-that is, if any regard were to be had for the clearness, and therefore usefulness, of the book. When speaking of Quignon's Breviary it is always necessary to say which of the two texts is being dealt with. Last May a correspondent of the Tablet, signing himself "A. A.," caused a little confusion by referring to the Second Text, while the discussion was really as to the First. J. WICKHAM LEGG. The Saxon charters are by far the best authority. He also questions my statement as to the predominance of Saxon names in the Wetherby disI open the map and find round Wetherby: Long Marston, Bilton, Collingham, Walton, Deighton, Bramham, Hammerton, cum multis aliis, with Danish names thinly scattered amongst them. WETHERBY (7th S. vi. 308, 414; vii. 9).—I am sorry that I have unwittingly aroused the ire of MR. J. C. ATKINSON, who from his name is, I suppose, a descendant of the hardy Norsemen, inherit-trict. ing a portion of their combativeness. From the matter contained in his letter it is possible to pick out a few points for discussion. To my mind there is nothing more agreeable than word-hunting, founded on some knowledge of the facts and principles of modern philological inquiry; but then it should be entered upon with good temper, in the spirit of Chaucer's Clerk of Oxenford, of whom it is said, That gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche. I will leave CANON TAYLOR to defend himself, which he is well able to do. It is enough for me “to paddle my own canoe." First, then, as to the meaning of the suffix by. It is allowed on all hands to be Norse or Danish, meaning the same as ton in Anglo-Saxon, originally a fence or enclosure, subsequently a farmer's steading, then a collection of dwelling-houses. We may, therefore, pass on to the prefix Wether. MR. ATKINSON says:— " CANON TAYLOR and myself are both accused of "Surely a more sarcastic commentary on the mode Sandyknowe, Wavertree. SCOTT ON COLERIDGE'S 'WALLENSTEIN' (7th S. vi. 308, 372, 491).—In the beginning of the fourth chapter of Guy Mannering Scott quotes some lines which, he says, are by "Coleridge from Schiller." But the lines are not the same as those mentioned by J. D. C., though I think that they are from 'Wallenstein.' It is possible that Coleridge, whilst remembering that the author of "In the strangely preponderating majority of the place-names ending in by it is unquestionably a personal name. The simplest inspection of a carefully compiled list of such names is sufficient to establish this point." Well, for verification of this oracular dictum I'Waverley' had quoted from him, had forgotten what were the actual lines quoted. Guy Mannertake a glance in a map of the Eastern Counties, and without selection the following crop up: Kirkby, ing' was published in 1815. I think that there Dalby, Thurnby, Willoughby, Ashby, Blackford are more references than one to Coleridge's Walby, Stokesby. These are all referable to the cir-lenstein' in the " Waverley Novels," but the above is the only reference that I remember distinctly. cumstances of the locality. There are, of course, E. YARDLEY. many which derive from personal names, such as Ormesby, Herringby, &c., but they are in a decided minority. Bullockby, Ranby or Ramby, Ramsey, Goad by or Goatby, Woolthorpe, are analogous to Wetherby in the introduction of the names of animals in the Danish nomenclature. The personal names themselves originally had a meaning, so that supposing the prefixes to be personal it comes to the same thing in the end. MR. ATKINSON has given a list of place-names ending in by, but unfortunately not one of their prefixes is a personal name. He further proceeds : "Add to this that the same personal name is perpetually found in the general class of like names both with the inflexional genitival form and the genitivals, and a suggestion is at once afforded as to the possible or probable explanation of the prefix in Wetherby." What the suggestion is and what it explains we are left to find out. We may say with Sheridan's character in the 'Critic': "Egad! the interpreter is the harder to be understood of the two." MR. ATKINSON refers to Domesday Book as the great authority for Saxon and Danish place-names. Domesday Book is frequently misleading, as it is natural it should be, the names having been taken down phonetically by French-speaking officials. P.S.-I may perhaps be allowed to add that the applause of which Coleridge speaks seems to be in the third chapter of Guy Mannering.' There Scott quotes lines undoubtedly from Coleridge's 'Wallenstein,' without mentioning the name of the author. But he speaks of the lines as being "exquisitely expressed by a modern poet." Is the following the allusion which J. D. C. is in search of? In the third chapter of 'Guy Mannering' (published 1815) Scott quotes twenty lines, "exquisitely expressed by a modern poet,' as he says. The poet is Coleridge, and the passage is, I understand, an expansion of a couple of lines in Schiller's ' Piccolomini,' from Coleridge's translation of this drama. JONATHAN BOUCHIER. Ropley, Alresford. · As Coleridge in 1818 returns thanks "to the unknown author of Waverley,' 'Guy Mannering,' &c.," this limits the search to Waverley' (1814), 'Guy Mannering' (1815), The Antiquary,' 'The Black Dwarf,' and Old Mortality' (1816), Rob Roy' (1817), and 'The Heart of Midlothian' (1818). At the end of chap. iii. of 'Guy Mannering' is a long quotation, beginning : |