ally drops the latter name till he speaks of "Sir Henry Jerningham or Jernegan, of Huntingfield and Wingfield, in the county of Suffolk, and of Costessy, in Norfolk, Knt.," as being the first among the Suffolk knights who declared for Queen Mary on the death of Edward VI. After that both names are used.

In Lysons's' Environs of London,' vol. iv. p. 166, is the following inscription from a brass mural tablet in Leyton Church, Middlesex, to Mary, the second wife of Sir Edward Jernegan, daughter and coheiress of Richard, second son of Lord Scroop of Bolton. She survived Sir Edward, and married Sir William Kingston, K.G., and died in 1548:

If you will the truth have,
Here lieth in this grave,
Directly under this stone,

Good Lady Mary Kingestone,

Who departed thys world the truth to say,
In the month of August, the xv day,

And As I doe well remember,

Was buryed honourably 4th day of September,
The year of our Lord reckon'd truly,

M.V. fourty and eyght surely,

Whos yerly obyte, and anniversary,

Ys determined to be kept surely,

Besides that on 'The Flower Garden,' Mr. James contributed a noteworthy article on 'Northamptonshire' to the Quarterly, and probably others. Whatever he wrote was characterized by the same fulness of knowledge, refinement of taste, and attractiveness of style.

Two amusing anecdotes may be recorded in connexion with these articles. A lady devoted to the cultivation of her own flower garden had read the Quarterly Review article with delight, and, having obtained the name and address of the author, took a long journey for the purpose not only of conversing with one who knew so much about her favourite pursuit, but still more of inspecting his garden.

Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat,

so he who discoursed with such knowledge and appreciation of flower gardens must himself have one of no ordinary beauty to exhibit. Unluckily for the fair traveller the soil and climate of Theddingworth Vicarage are unfavourable not only to floriculture in its technical sense, but to the growth of flowers of any kind. On her arrival she found, to her disappointment, that Canon James, however

At the costs of hyr son Sir Henry Jernyngham, truly, ready to talk about flowers, had no flower garden

Who was at this makyng

Of the queen's garde, chieff captain.
W. E. LAYTON.

Ipswich.

Mary, Lady Kingston, writing in 1539, says, "My poor son Harry Jerningham is appointed to wayt upon my Lord Admiral, to meet this young lady which by God's grace shall be our m'rs:," namely, Anna of Cleve ( Lisle Papers,' xiii., art. 4). But the " poor son "himself signs "Henry Jernegan" (Cott. MS., Titus, B. ii. fol. 134b). And we find that "Sir Henry Jernegan, Captain of the Guard, Vice-Chamberlain, Master of the Horse, and of the Privy Council to Queen Mary, died 7 Sept., 1572, aged 63" (Harl. MS. 897, fol. 48). I imagine that Jerningham was always the correct spelling, and Jernegan a colloquialism.

HERMENTRude.

'THE FLOWER GARDEN' (7th S. vii. 27). The article in the Quarterly Review entitled "The Flower Garden' was written by the late Rev. Thomas James, Vicar of Theddingworth (on the borders of Leicestershire and Northamptonshire) and Hon. Canon of Peterborough. Mr. James was educated at the Charterhouse, where he afterwards became for a short time a master. His youthful appearance created some ridicule among the boys, more sensible of the new master's boyish look than of the culture and refinement which were so conspicuous in him; and he was made the butt of some good-humoured satire in the 'Charterhouse Play' and elsewhere in the volume of schoolboy skits, given to the world (I believe) a few years since by Mr. Edward Walford.

worth the name. The only thing of the kind he had to show was a sheltered hollow in one part of the vicarage grounds where, by dint of careful flowers, transplanted from more genial spots, to attention, he succeeded in inducing common wild live and bloom. If she missed her first object, the lady would, however, be amply repaid by Mr.

James's conversation.

The other anecdote is this. When the ArchæoJames delivered the introductory discourse on The logical Institute met at Peterborough in 1861, Canon Archæology of Northamptonshire.' This address his Quarterly Review article, which he said he had was necessarily little more than a reproduction of obtained the permission of the publishers to use, adding, with a quiet humour all his own, that he "had had less difficulty with the author himself, who had considerately placed the article at his for plagiarism nor to taunt him with appearing in service, and had promised neither to indict him feathers not his own." Our dear old friend the late Mr. Octavius Morgan, so recently lost to us, who occupied the chair, was so completely taken in by the assumed seriousness of this exordium that at the end of the paper, to the great amusement of all who were in the secret, he gravely, in the name of the Institute, offered his thanks to the anonymous author who had so generously placed the result of his researches at Mr. James's disposal. "Solvuntur risu tabulæ."

EDMUND Venables.

MARGINALIA BY COLERIDGE (7th S. vi. 501; vii. 35).—I have in my possession a copy of Xenophon's 'Memoirs of Socrates,' translated by Sarah

Fielding, second edition, London, 1767. At the bottom of pp. 338 and 339 is the following note, signed "S. T. C.":

"I am convinced that the word translated knowlege' (sic) and knoweth had nearly the same force and meaning in the mind of Socrates as Faith in St. Paul. To the persons instanced by Mrs. Carter Socrates would have denied knowlege. Spinoza, in his Ethics,' adopts the same system; and it is evident that the whole difference between this and Mrs. Carter's notion is merely metaphysical, perhaps merely nominal, but certainly not moral. A certain clearness of conception there is, an adducible approximation to a sense of certainty, which will preclude volition, and to these perfectly clear knowleges Socrates refers, involving the Practical in the Intellectual.'

the further name of forgia in yet extant in the name of the Forge Vailey. It was, moreover, in very frequent use in Domesday times; and, inasmuch as the iron was not "smelted," but "reduced" only, and the "bloom" that resulted from the action of the furnace had to be hammered forthwith on its extrication from the furnace with heavy hammers, it is easily seen how the ideas of furnace, forge, and smithy, so to speak, overlap. Still the essential meaning of smethe, smithe, forgia, fabrica, &c., is what we understand under the term "furnace," the object of which is to obtain the metal from the ore. SIR J. A. PICTON'S "ore, unwrought metal," is trying. One might as well define "flour, unwrought bread." Ore is in no sense or shape metal; it is a combination of the element of one metal or more with such and such other mineral elements, and until it has been either reNAMES IN THE DE BANCO ROLL (7th S. vi. 327; duced or smelted it yields no metal. Whether the vii. 30).-Wharfedale in its upper part is divided or in Orsmythyburn has any connexion with the into Langstrothdale and Littondale. The former ora in ora-smit it is not for me to say; but surely of these is also written Langsterdale and Lang- SIR J. A. PICTON, in his kindly effort to "unravel strotherdale; and for a great number of years I the meaning of the words quoted," might have have supposed that it was a received opinion that unravelled the local history of the words. Chaucer's Strother was no other than Langstrother There may have been an orasmythy in the in West Yorkshire. MR. NEILSON's careful identifi- place adverted to, taking the or in either of the cation of the meaning of strother is worthy of all senses alleged by Prof. Skeat. I have myself, in imitation, and stands in somewhat striking contrast former days, found copper-ore in nodules in a diswith the utterly indefinite explanation of Redi-trict where the word burn was the recognized name strother on the preceding page, viz., "a locality [!] strewn [!] or overgrown with reeds."

I am not acquainted with the hand writing of Coleridge, so I cannot with certainty attribute the note H. J. C.

to him.

Still less to the point seem to be the remarks on Orsmythyburn, which is said to mean "the brook beside the smithy," ignoring altogether the first syllable, or. This is probably almost, if not quite the most significant element in the whole name. But the writer seems quite innocent of the real significance of any member of the name, although he holds the more than possible clue in his hand when he quotes ora-smit, a coppersmith. I can adduce the North Yorkshire place-name Smidhesdale, extant before 1145-how long before I can not say-in which the prefix is not the genitival form, but the plural. When I first get it in its English form-for Smidhesdala is the Latinized form in the document it occurs in-it is called "the yron smethes," where the smethe or smithy intended is a furnace for the reduction of ironstone or iron ore, as such reduction was practised in the middle and later middle ages. These furnaces usually stood in groups of three, or four, or more; whence the plural form in both the Latinized name and the later English one. These English smethes, smithes, smithies were called fabrica in Cleveland, faverca in West Yorkshire, astra in the Barrow vicinity, with the French variant form of estre or hestre in North Yorkshire or South Durham; but I have no Latin equivalent for them in the district embracing Smithsdale, the still extant form of Smidhesdala. In the Scarborough vicinity

for a brook; and, supposing the prefix only denotes a compound metal, like brass, the older bronze, or that of the present coinage, still there might be "history" in the word; and until a student has hunted up the history of a name it is utterly idle, and worse than idle, to profess to derive it or explain it.

Who is any the wiser for such derivations as those offered under Oseleye, Tonsclugh, Kahirst, Croke tak? Why should not osel-eye do as well as osel-leye? Surely the "island of the blackbird" is as good sense as "the field of the blackbird," and not more than equally a platitude. Tons-clugh= town's-cleugh is simply impossible. Ka or key=cu, requires something more than a simple guess to support it. While, as for croke tak, living as I do in the country of intakes-there are fifty to sixty in my parish alone-I simply say that tak and intak are not coincident in meaning. An intake is an enclosure from the common; a tak is not, nor in any way connected with it. A crook, too, in the north country has a definite meaning: it is a nook or corner, and quite likely with a more or less curvilinear outline; but it is not a "plot of land" of "crooked shape." All the "crooks" I know, and I know a lot, are either nooks or corners semienclosed by the course of a stream or by the convergency of two, or possibly three, old fences.

And again, and finally, why should such an utter "shy" as "corruptions from Belling or Billing" for Belyley, Bellion, without the slightest shadow of

Orsmythyburn. When, as MR. PERCEVAL states, this word is "written later Ouersmith burn," and when we consider the interchangability of u and v, surely it means, and can only mean, Oversmithy-burn," a name which needs no further simplifying.

"The sign of The Ram Jam' has never appeared on the front of the house till September last. The real title of the inn was The Winchilsea Arms,' and the old sign, painted with the full coat of arms of the Earls of Winchilsea, remained up to last June, when it was replaced by a new signboard, on which was painted (without the remained up for a few weeks, when it was repainted with heraldic devices) The Winchilsea Arms.' The sign only the words The Ram Jam Inn' for the first time in its history. By the way, it was generally known as 'The Ram Jam House,' and not Inn." ST. SWITHIN.

Croketa'k. With all deference to SIR J. A. Pic- "Ram Jam" is a vulgar name for strong ale. TON, it seems to me that MR. PERCEVAL'S suggestion An old servant of my mother's used to tell us a of "crooked oak" is the probable explanation. In tale (evidently well known) of a miserly woman the thirteenth century Adam de Crokedaik was who kept a public-house, notorious for the weakseneschal, and subsequently an executor of Sir ness of its tap. She brewed four qualities, all exeRobert de Brus, Lord of Annandale, competitor for crable, and named them respectively ram-jam, the Scottish crown, and seems to have belonged to middlemore, flitter-cum-flatter, and weaker-thanthe North of England. In 1282 he appears as water. One day a passing traveller stopped at the "Adam de la crokidayk" in a writ printed in the house and called for ale. Being asked which he 'Scots Acts of Parl.,' i. 109 (red ink pagination). would have, he chose No. 2, fearing the first-named In 1338 Michael de Crokedayk was a knight in might be too strong for his head. The drink supthe West Riding ('Rotuli Scotia,' i. 527 b). plied to him was, however, so vile that, having SIR J. A. PICTON's hazards about Oseleye, Bely-tasted it, he flung the remainder at the old woman's ley, and Bellion will not satisfy any very exacting head in disgust. She clapped her hands in delight. inquirer. GEO. NEILSON. "Lawks!" she says; "if middlemore has made Glasgow. him mad, what would ram-jam have done?"

INN SIGNS (7th S. vi. 427).-Between April, 1878, and October, 1881, the Grantham Journal was wont to publish "Local Notes and Queries," and the "Ram Jam" was the subject of one of the earliest questions. One correspondent had heard his father say that in coaching days there came a traveller to the house who, under pretence of teaching the landlord how to make a drink called Ram Jam, induced that worthy to take him to the cellar, and to allow him to bore a hole at each end of a cask of beer. These holes Boniface

plugged with his fingers while the visitor went up stairs to fetch something that had been forgotten. But the wight came no more, and left the place without paying his bill, the victim being unable to pursue for fear of losing the beer. The memory of this ramming and jamming episode was perpetuated in the future by-name of the hotel. The narrator of the above story signs himself B, which may, perhaps, point at Ben-trovato. "Veritas" believed that it was the occasionally crowded state of the inn which suggested the "Ram Jam"; he attributed its patronage to the prevalence of highwaymen in the neighbourhood, which rendered travelling after nightfall undesirable. "Viator" noted, October 26, 1878,

C. C. B.

MR. GILDERSOME-DICKINSON asks the meaning of "Ram Jam." It was a famous ale made by the Messrs. Goding, the brewers of the Lion Brewery in Lambeth, mostly for exportation to India. I had the honour to know Mr. Thomas Goding, of No. 2, Belgrave Square, and have tasted ram jam; and I presume that at this house between Stamford and Grantham that ale was drawn for their customers-let us hope undiluted.

GEORGE LAMBERT, F.S.A.

12, Coventry Street, Piccadilly, W. "Ram Jam" means "chock full," "crammed full," " as full as you can ram." So "Ram Jam Inn" means the popular or favourite inn.

R. R.

Boston, Lincolnshire. 6th S. x. 469, 525; 7th S. i. 368, 437. BAPTIST MAY (7th S. vii. 9).—See 'N. & Q.,' JULIAN MARSHALL. A. J. M. asks, see the earlier references.] [For Babmaes Mews, after which in this connexion

COLLIER, SILVERSMITH, &C. (7th S. vi. 388). I have a glass similar to that described by S. V. H., which has been preserved in my family as a Jacobite relic. Some time ago I wrote to

N. & Q.' describing the glass, and giving all the verses (four) engraved upon it. I have not been able to find the reference, but I should be glad to know whether many of these glasses are in existence. ARTHUR MESHAM, Colonel. Pontryffydd, Trefnant, R.S.O.

"ROODSELKEN ”: “L'herbe des TROIS GOUTTES DE SANG" (7th S. vi. 307, 437).-The vervain (Verbena officinalis) is a purple flower, and therefore has nothing to do with the appellation "trois gouttes de sang." It has, however, been apparently always considered a sacred plant, and Gerarde

says:

"Manie old wives fables are written of vervayne tending to witchcraft and sorcerie, which you may read elsewhere, for I am not willing to trouble your eare with

such trifles."

Pratt says the Druids regarded the herb with peculiar reverence; that Pliny relates how in Gaul it was used in telling fortunes and gathered with peculiar ceremonies; and that the ancients generally believed the notion recorded by him, "that if the hall or dining chamber be sprinkled with the water wherein vervain lay steeped all that sate at the table should be very pleasant and make merry more jocundly"; saying also that the festival table of Jupiter was cleansed with branches of vervain, and floors of houses were rubbed with it to keep away evil spirits.. In our own country it is called "holy herb," the veneration bestowed on it being doubtless due to its presumed medicinal virtues, it being deemed efficacious in thirty different complaints. All this points to the reason of its occurring as it does in the lines quoted from White.

The Adonis autumnalis, or corn pheasant's eye, called by the name of adonis or adonide by the French, Dutch, Germans, Italians, and throughout Europe, and by our own gardeners Flos adonis, receiving the name primarily from its connexion with the fable of the blood of Adonis, when slain by the wild boar, having stained its petals, has the familiar names of aile de perdrix, aile de faisan, and goutte de sang in French. No doubt its popularity and many names are due to its being one of the few flowers of the field with a crimson tint; Pratt says "the only one in our fields." Perchance, too, its popularity was connected with the presumed power of red to raise the spirits.

R. W. HACKWOOD.

GOOSE (7th S. vi. 287, 354, 431).-C. C. B. is mistaken in his supposition that the tree geese or ducks mentioned in the 'Penny Cyclopædia' are the barnacles, about which so many absurd stories were told in old times. The birds referred to are given as being scientifically distinguished as "D. arcuata, Horsf., Java; arborea, Edw." Under the heading "Ducks" the 'Cyclopædia' states that "wild ducks have been known to breed in trees, and we recollect the nest of this bird being found in the head of an old pollard willow," &c.

As regards barnacles, I intended some months ago to write a note concerning them for 'N. & Q.,' but on consulting the indices I found that the subject had already been very fully discussed (see 1st S. i. 117, 169, 254, 340; viii. 124, 223, 300; 4th S. iii. 358, 417), so I abandoned the idea. The

matter having, however, cropped up, I may perhaps be allowed to mention that in a book which I have, entitled 'Curiosities of Nature and Art in Husbandry and Gardening' (1707), more than a dozen pages are devoted to the barnacle question, and there is given a very good copper-plate representation of what is there called "The Anatiferous Plant." This engraving might have been taken from some fine specimens of barnacle shells which I obtained a good many years ago from the bottom harbour of San Francisco for many months, waitof an iron ship. She had been at anchor in the ing for an advance in freights, and making a long passage home brought with her a fine colony of barnacles. Parkinson (1640), though he appears to have felt himself bound to mention the "admirable tale of untruth" (p. 1306), dismisses the barnacles very shortly. J. F. MANSERGH. Liverpool.

PLACE-NAMES (7th S. vi. 428).-Several good
guesses might be made as to the signification of
the Burroughs and the Hyde, but as I do not
know Hendon, I dare not venture on giving any
one of them. Hale, I think, does not present
quite so much difficulty, but in this case it is quite
possible to be wrong. In Anglo-Saxon heal means a
corner or angle, and in the dialect of the district
where I live hale still continues to mean a "garing"
or angular piece of land in an irregularly-shaped
field, which has to be ploughed separately. If the
Hale at Hendon be of this form, I do not think
there can be much doubt as to the origin of the
name. In the township of East Butterwick, in this
parish, there is an angular pasture of about sixty
acres called the Hale, for which I have met with
and heard three or four foolish derivations. That
in this case we have the Anglo-Saxon heal may be
pronounced certain.
EDWARD PEACOCK.

Bottesford Manor, Brigg.
Burroughs. Cf. burgh, borough, barrow.
Hyde. Cf. A.-S. hiw, house; hiwan, later hive
or hivd, domesticated.

Hale. I think a water name. Hayle farms are common, by small streams or brooks, all liable to flood; cf. Hayle (Cornwall), Halliford (Middlesex).

A. H.

MR. EVANS will, I think, find a reference to Hale as a place-name in 'N. & Q.,' 4th S. ii. 323, 404. There are many places in England bearing the name, e. g., Hale and Halewood (Lancashire), Hale (Hants and Surrey), Hale Magna (Lincolnshire, Hales (Staffordshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk), Hales Owen (Worcestershire), &c. Hale Farm, Tottenham, is in the "Hale," which was formerly a hamlet to Tottenham. Other instances of the word as a place-name in Tottenham parish are Hanger Hale (temp. Edward IV.) and Hale Field (in 1600), in Hanger Lane, now St. Ann's Road. Hale End, Essex, is part of Walthamstow parish,