LECTURE XXIV. ANNE. THE reign of Anne is distinguished, even in the annals of England, for the violence of its politics. Party violence has been not uncommonly a topic of censure and lamentation with good men, and their accusations and reproaches have been urged often with sincerity and sometimes with reason; but care must be taken on these occasions both by those who are disposed to make these indiscriminate indictments, and those who are disposed to listen to them. It is in itself rather a suspicious circumstance, when men who are at all conversant with the business of the world are found expressing themselves very strongly or very often against the violence of parties or the fury of factions. In a mixed and free government, there will naturally arise, as I must for ever repeat, two great and leading divisions, those who lean to the side of authority, and those who lean to the side of privilege. Questions, unlike in name and form, will often involve the same general principles, and men are not, therefore, always as inconsistent as they seem. Trains of measures will often emanate from one point, and proceed in the most strictly logical succession, and must be therefore supported and resisted always by the same men. It is, therefore, not possible that those who are really independent and sincere should not often in free legislative assemblies, vote in sets and parties, and it is equally impossible that they should not become inflamed by sympathy and collision. Read the works of Soame Jenyns, and of Locke. Would not each of these men, for instance, while they retained their integrity, have been seen always on the opposite sides of any question that could affect the constitution and government of a free country? The real and proper topic for lamentation and reproach, is not, exactly, that men are often violent and systematic in their opposition to each other, but that they do not adopt their principles with sufficient care, and then follow them up with sincerity and honor. Moderate men, as they call themselves, and men of no party, as they profess themselves to be, will generally be found to be men who take little concern, or are but ill informed, on political subjects; and if they are members of the legislature, they are pretty uniformly observed, as they are of no party, forsooth, to take care to be of that party which is the strongest, to be of the minister's party (be he who he may), and to benefit by their neutrality. It is possible, indeed, for men to be of no party, and to assume the high station of real patriots; and even when they are of a party, to remain patriots, by refusing to sanction those measures of the party which they disapprove. This is, perhaps, the highest possible ambition of an intelligent and virtuous man, but such an eminence can only be attained on one hard condition, that of never receiving a favor from those in power. I may recur to this subject on some occasion hereafter; for the present, however, I conclude by observing, that the causes of political animosity were, in these times, very peculiarly weighty and animating. The questions that lay often between the parties were, in reality, what family was to possess the throne; whether the title of the crown was to be founded on divine and hereditary right, or on the principles of an original contract, that is, whether on arbitrary or free principles; whether the religion established in the country was to be certainly Protestant, or probably Roman Catholic; in a word, whether principles decidedly favorable, or principles clearly hostile, to the civil and religious liberties of the country were to be maintained and established. But in a sort of connexion with this subject, I may mention, that in a mixed government like this, the attention of those, who wish well to the popular part of it, has been always very naturally directed to the influence which the executive power can directly exercise on the legislative bodies, by means of posts, places, and pensions, given to their members. Place bills have therefore at different times been attempted, and efforts of this kind were also made in the reign which we are now considering, and with some success. It is to be observed, however, that it seems not now to have been any longer proposed, that every man should necessarily be shut out of parliament by holding an official situation. The bills were for limiting the number of such members, not excluding them altogether. The number, for instance, was to have been fifty; and to limit the number is a measure of a very different complexion from a general bill of exclusion. You will see speeches in favor of and against the measure in the debates. Bills were brought into the commons, and rejected by the lords, one in 1712, only by a majority of five; but instead of following the fortunes of these bills through the houses, I shall prefer calling your attention to some observations on the general subject, which may be found drawn up by Paley in his chapter on the British Constitution. Nothing can drop from the pen of such a writer, so remarkable for his clearness and excellent sense, that can be without its importance, particularly where the subject has any iminediate connexion with the business of human life. This eminent reasoner, however, feels it necessary to protest against any influence, but that which results from the acceptance or expectation of public preferments; nay, more, against any influence which requires any sacrifice of personal probity. This last seems a large concession, a concession which might, at first sight, be thought to leave no further difference of opinion possible. What could the most ardent patriot wish for, but that the house should be so constituted, that no sacrifice of personal probity should be required? Dr. Paley must, however, be again heard. He contends, that in political, above all other subjects, the arguments, or rather the conjectures, on each side of a question, are often so equally poised, that the wisest judgments. may be held in suspense. These he calls subjects of indifference. And again, when the subject is not indifferent in itself, it will appear such to a great part of those to whom it is proposed, from want of information, or reflection, or experience, or capacity, to weigh the reasons on each side. "These cases," he says, and not unreasonably, "compose the province of influence." But then he adds, "that whoever reviews the operations of government in this country since the Revolu tion, will find few, even of the most questionable measures of administration, about which the best instructed judgment might not have doubted at the time, but of which he may affirm, with certainty, that they were indifferent to the greatest part of those who concurred in them." This whole doctrine of indifference is evidently very suspicious, and if carried into practice would, I fear, be found but too soothing and convenient to that numerous description of men, who are neither very virtuous, nor the contrary; and who, though they may be induced to act ill, must first practise upon themselves some arts of apology and self-delusion. Such doctrine of indifference would surely be destructive of all that plain, straight-forward, simple, and intelligible integrity, which should never be parted with; which is the best ornament of the character of every man, in public as in private life; the best security for his virtue, and even for his wisdom. But further were in reality the political questions since the Revolution, in general such as Dr. Paley supposes; such, that influence might fairly decide them? and may, therefore, the same be concluded of almost all political questions; for that is the inference intended; or is at least the practical inference? What are the facts? What says the history? I would recommend this subject to your attention, as I would recommend it, when you arrive at similar reasonings urged by Dr. Somerville. Bear it in mind, while you read the annals of this country, from the Revolution to the present moment. Not to decide at present on reigns which we have not yet. considered, can it be true of the reigns before us, the reigns of William and of Anne; take for instance, the latter; could not men form an opinion, and were they not bound to vote according to that opinion, on the Occasional Conformity Bill, and on the Schism Bill; that is, on all questions where the toleration of religion was concerned? Again: could they not form an opinion on the question of peace and war at the opening of the reign? Again whether the ends of the war had not been sufficiently attained about the middle of the reign? Again at the close of the reign, whether the negotiations which led to the peace of Utrecht, had been properly conducted; whether the peace was well made? Whether it should then have been made at all? Whether the Hanover family should have been called to the throne? Whether the Protestant succession was in danger? Whether the union with Scotland should have been attempted? Whether, when once effected, it should afterwards be broken? Are these, and could they ever have been, questions of indifference? What are the questions, agitated in the parliaments of Anne, which were not connected with the great leading questions of the balance of power in Europe, and the success of the principles of the Revolution? How were men of independence and reflection to avoid forming some opinion, to avoid feeling some strong sentiment, on the one side or the other? The truth is, that questions where suspense of judgment is allowable, questions of indifference, such as Dr. Paley inaccurately, as I suspect, dangerously, as I am sure, represents the greatest part of political questions to be, excite, when they occur, no sensation; none in the public, none in the house; are the mere ordinary and commonplace business of the kingdom; what any minister may, and what every minister does, carry on, and what no minister finds it necessary to carry on by the exertion of influence. It is not by votes on cases like these, that a ministsr is obliged by any member, and is expected, consequently, to oblige that member in his turn. It is on questions where the great system of his administration at home or abroad is concerned, where the conduct of those he has intrusted, his officers, civil or military, is to be censured or approved; where public offenders are to be screened, or where even his own wisdom or integrity is to be questioned. It is on occasions like these that influence is wanted, and is exerted: these are the cases that, far more than the cases of indifference, compose the real province of influIt is impossible to say, that men shall either decide, or avoid deciding, on occasions like these, without implicating in their vote, or in their absence from the house, the character of their personal probity. ence. The more natural view of this subject seems to be, that in a mixed and free government like our own, all questions that either occupy, or deserve to occupy attention, have a reference either to the prerogative of the crown, or privileges of the people, to religious toleration, to mild or harsh government, to peace and war, or, finally, to some of the more im |