some reason Ragnar has been altered to Regnar; Thorir to Thori and Thore; while, as a last instance, Olaf Tryggvi's son (Icel. Olafr Tryggvason) has seen many strange phases. Besides Olaf and Olave (the former of which is quite legitimate, to adapt the name to our language), we find Tryggvason, Tryggveson, Tryggvison, and-worst of all-Trygveson. Many other instances might be quoted. The marvel is what induces people to adopt these wonderful transformations. One would imagine that a man professing to write on a subject would at least make himself acquainted with the correct forms of his proper names, and, on being acquainted with them, would not so carefully avoid communicating his knowledge to others. E. R. E. MERCY TO ANIMALS. - A writer in the Athenæum for 25 May, alluding to Hogarth, says: "He was the first of English painters (we might, indeed, write European artists) who frequently and urgently pleaded for mercy to animals in the service of man."-P. 669. To this it may be well to append the following passage from the Quarterly Review of last October. The writer, referring to Leonardo da Vinci, says:— "He could tame the most fiery horses, and would never allow any living creature to be hurt or illtreated."-P. 398. - ASTARTE. LIME-TREE. Prof. Skeat remarks in his 'Etymological Dictionary that the word lime as applied to the tree now generally so called (formerly it was always united as one word with tree, often, e.g. in 'Rees's Cyclopædia,' without hyphen) is the result of two successive corruptions, lind becoming line, and line afterwards becoming lime. He says, "The change from line to lime does not seem to be older than about A.D. 1700." Apparently, however, he forgot to consult Evelyn's 'Sylva,' for in that work, the first edition of which is dated 1664, chap. xiii. is Of the Lime-tree,' which is so spelt throughW. T. LYNN. out. Blackheath. being venerable when siege was laid to the Castle J. B. MCGOVERN. St. Stephen's Rectory, C.-on-M., Manchester. RIDING THE STANG.-The Craven Herald of 31 May records the observing of an ancient custom that appears to be less frequent (happily) than in former days :— "This queer custom, to mark disapproval of the breaking of the marriage contract, was observed (at Redmire] on the evenings of the 20th, 21st, and 22nd inst. Rumour had been rife for some time past. and the inhabitants, though quiet and passive in the ordinary way, showed their feelings in an unusual manner. In accordance with the ancient custom a man of straw was made, then a cart was obtained, and the young bloods of the village, in all the glory on every feature, proceeded to parade the streets of war paint, and with grim determination stamped with the usual war cry: It's neither for your part nor my part that I ride the stang.' This was renewed on three successive nights, and then, after he had tried to commit suicide by taking ‘gunpowder pills' or a 'paraffin bath,' the man of straw was burnt amidst the cheers and groans of some hundreds of onlookers, many from the surrounding villages. One of the 'protectors of the peace' was present, but this did not act as a deterrent. The proceedings closed somewhere about midnight. since a similar scene was witnessed in a case of Older inhabitants say it is about twenty-five years wife-beating." Bibury, Glos. B. BELCHER. THE TRYSTING OAK IN 'IVANHOE.'-The following recent cutting is deserving of pre-7th S. iii. 367; 8th S. iv. 267.] servation in 'N. & Q.' : (See 2nd S. x. 477, 519; xii. 411, 483; 3rd S. iv. 37; 4th S. iv. 160; 5th S. v. 109, 253; xi. 66; 6th S. vi. 425; "In a short time, remarks the Leeds Mercury, a unique ceremony of interest to readers of Sir Walter Scott will take place on the confines of the West Riding and Derbyshire. Some time ago the old Trysting Oak in Harthill Walk, so frequently mentioned in Ivanhoe,' was felled to the ground in order to preserve the trunk. The tree was one of the oldest in England, and is described by Scott as WILLIAM FITZ ALDELINE.-Concerning this historic personage, in my note at 9th S. vii. 123 I stated that though it was quite certain that he was a son of Aldeline, of Thorpe, near Pontefract, and had a brother named Ralph, I had seen nothing actually to prove that he was the brother William of Ralph Fitz Alde line, of Aldfield, near Ripon. That they were graphing on 22 June a summary of Capt. identical was the very probable suggestion Slocum's report on his observations while first made by the author of "The Norman United States military attaché with the People'; but neither he nor Mr. Round British forces in South Africa, includes the (Feudal England,' p. 518) could have known sentence, "Caution the British have not; but anything beyond the fact that two brothers they just bunt ahead, and take the conseof these names, sons of an Aldeline, occurred quences." "Bunt ahead" sounds like English in different parts of Yorkshire about the same dialect, but "jug-handled" appears distincdate. The author of 'The Norman People' tively American. POLITICIAN. made further speculations about the descent of William Fitz Aldeline which are groundless. The following note by Mr. W. Paley Baildon in Yorkshire Inquisitions,' vol. i. p. 283, now clearly indicates that Aldeline was the holder of Thorpe as well as Aldfield :— "Assize Roll, York, 1245-6. John de Curtenay was summoned to warrant to Alexander de Ledes one third of a knight's fee in Kirkby which Alan de Aldfeud had claimed against him in the court of Roger de Mubray." That John de Courtenay was & son of William Fitz Aldeline is a new fact made known by my note. Alan was the grandson of Ralph. Outside the chartulary of Fountains Abbey I have only met with Aldeline de Aldfeld himself once, witnessing the charter (1135-40) of Earl Alan granting Masham to Roger de Mowbray. The history of Thorpe, however, reveals a previous genera tion or two. Radulph was the name of the Domesday tenant of this Thorpe, who held this manor of Ilbert de Laci and was, it seems, his butler, for so styled (Pincerna) Radulph gave two garbs and the tithes of the mill here to the chapel of St. Clement in Pontefract Castle. The same early memorandum which records this donation states that Radulphus fil' Edeline gave two garbs in Stubbs in Hensall (Mon. Angl.,' i. 660). We seem here to have an earlier Ralph Fitz Aldeline, but named from his mother in this case. Áldeline was one of those Christian names with a Latin suffix the Normans gave to daughters as well as sons. Westminster. A. S. ELLIS. Queries. WE must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct. SIR HUMPHERY D'WYVILL.-Can any one tell me what authority Sir Bernard Burke has for the statement in his 'Landed Gentry that "Sir Humphery D'Wyvill was knight of Slingsby Castle, and appears on the Roll of Battle Abbey as one of the companions in arms of the Conqueror"? No such name appears in Domesday in connexion with Slingsby, and in the Duchess of Cleveland's edition of the Battle Abbey Roll, under the head of Viville,' we have "Hugh de Guidville came to England 1066, and 1086 held in Northants and Leicester (D.B.)." The 'Dictionary of National Biography' repeats the statement of Sir B. Burke, but gives no authority for it. ARTHUR S. BROOKE. CIVIL WAR: STORMING OF LINCOLN.-Can any one kindly furnish the names of the twenty captains (Cavaliers) taken prisoners by the Earl of Manchester on 2 May, 1644, or give a reference to a work containing full details of the affair? JOSEPH F. CARTER. Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire. BADGES.-In the Retrospective Review, 18271828, occurs the A, B, of an alphabet of badges, probably written by Harris, afterwards Sir Harris Nicolas. Any information which would lead to the discovery of the remainder be much esteemed. of the MS., if indeed it ever existed, would J. FOSTER. 21, Boundary Road, N.W. AMERICAN SLANG.-It would be impossible to mention in 'N. & Q.' all fresh developments of American slang, but two specimens recently given in our newspapers in conPICTURES OF TAVERNS.-Can any of your nexion with various phases of public affairs correspondents tell me where I can find deserve to be noted. The New York corre- pictures of "The Cheshire Cheese"; "The spondent of the Standard, in a communica- Crown," in Islington Lower Road; Hightion which appeared on 1 June, recorded that bury Barn"; "The White Conduit House"; Mr. Moore, president of the American Pro- "The Grecian Coffee House"; "The Temple tective Tariff League, had observed, "Pre- Exchange Coffee House"; "The Globe Tavern," sident McKinley remains opposed to jug-in Fleet Street; "The Chapter Coffee handled or one sided reciprocity"; and in Paternoster Row; all representing them Reuter's Washington correspondent,' tele- as they were during the last half of the eighteenth century? I also want to find the European Magazine for January, 1803, which contains a contemporary print of Green Arbor Court when Goldsmith was living there. CHAS. WELSH. 110, Boylston Street, Boston, U.S. THE DROITS DE L'HOMME. I shall be obliged to any one who will tell me where there is an accessible copy of the print, by Duncan after Huggins, of the destruction of this ship by Sir Edward Pellew in 1797. There does not seem to be one in the British Museum. J. K. LAUGHTON. "OF WHOM" FOR "WHOSE."-Is the use of "of whom " in any way objectionable in "the man to the care of whom the child was left "? Would an English boy be allowed to write this in a piece of composition? If the use is a correct one, would it be more likely to be found in quite modern authors or in those of an earlier date? E. SCHULENBURG. RECORDER OF NOTTINGHAM.-1 shall be glad of any information as to the history, family, or descent of William Fletcher (query, of Makeney, co. Derby), who was Recorder of Nottingham about the middle of the sixteenth century. BERNARD P. SCATTERGOOD. Moorside, Far Headingley, Leeds. DR. GENTIANUS HARVET.-Where can information be found about Dr. Gentianus Harvet, a theologian who wrote an 'Epistle' in or about 1598? C. A. J. SKEEL. Westfield College, Hampstead. THE SYNAGOGUE.'-At the end of the sixth edition of George Herbert's 'Temple,' which I recently picked up, I find a set of poems, the title-page of which runs as follows: "The Synagogue; or, the Shadow of the Temple. Sacred poems, and private ejaculations. In imitation of Mr. George Herbert. The Second Edition, corrected and enlarged. London, Printed by J. L. for Philemon Stephens, at the Gilded Lion in Paul's Churchyard. 1647." Will some reader of N. & Q' kindly give information respecting this book of poems? D. SMITH. Walter de Clifford (ob. 1221). The male line of the Cundies ended in a William Cundy about the end of the fourteenth or beginning of the fifteenth century, exact date not ascertainable. ARTHUR HUSSEY. Tankerton-on-Sea, Kent. THE KING OF CALICUT.-In an article in last February's Fortnightly upon 'The Golden Bough' (see 9th S. vii. pp. 79, 119) Mr. Lang says: "I am not convinced that the ghastly priest represented vegetation and endured the duel ordeal as a commutation of the yearly sacrifice, though there is a kind of parallel in the case of the King of Calicut." What is "the case of the King of Calicut"? M. C. L. ["The King of Calicut, on the Malabar coast, used to cut his throat in public after a twelve years reign" (Lang, Magic and Religion,' p. 98).] THE OLDEST LICENSED HOUSE IN ENGLAND. -In a descriptive article on 'A Cycle Ride on the Holyhead Road to Hockliffe,' in the Daily News of 22 September last, the writer described how, at or near St. Albans, had time to turn aside for it, a bowed and bent old "down in a hollow there stands to be seen, if we inn-The Fighting Cocks'-which claims to be the oldest licensed house in England. However that may be, it is at least wonderfully picturesque." I presume there is no means of proving what tavern in England holds the oldest licence. When did the licensing system in any form arise? JAMES HOOPER. Norwich. [For articles on early licensing see 6th S. vii. 8 296. The "Fighting Cocks" at St. Albans and other old inns are discussed 8th S. vii. 225, 273.] "CORNE BOTE." - In 'Morte Arthure' (E.E.T.S.), l. 1786, 1837, when Sir Cador threatens that his foeman shall have "corne bote," he seems to mean that he shall have such requital ("bote") as he by his deeds has chosen (corne"). The irony of this application of the word suits the mood of the speaker. The terseness of expression and the archaic form of the participle (contrast "chosene," 1. 2731) suggest that the formula is one of long standing. Does it occur in any earlier work? E. B. 'TRAVELS OF PETER TEIXEIRA.'-In 1710 these (translated by Capt. John Stevens) were published in London as part of a monthly (1) series of voyages and travels, which in 1711 were reissued in two volumes with the general title of 'A New Collection of Voyages and Travels.' While some of the travels in this collection have separate title-pages, the account of Teixeira's (in the copies I know of) has none. As the narrative begins on signature B, there should apparently be a title-page. Does any reader of 'N. & Q' know of one? DONALD FERGUSON. Croydon. ALUM.-In Dean Spence's History of the Church of England' is a facsimile of the Tetzel indulgence, in which one of the "reserved cases is thus given: "Sententiarum et censurarum occasione aluminu' tulfe aplice ex partibus infidelium ad fideles contra prohibitionem apli'cam delatorum incursarum." The date is A.D. 1517. Now it seems that alum, used in dyeing processes, came principally from near Constantinople until the discovery of a mine at Tolfa, near Rome, in the fifteenth century, and that at the date of this indulgence it is reasonable to suppose that the introduction of foreign alum was absolutely prohibited. It has been suggested that "alumen" may be a "swordblade," as we find "alumella"; and that "tulfa" may be a misprint or alternative form for "tolta," a tax; so that it would refer to an inland taxed article. Can any of your readers refer to other notices of the same character which would decide the matter? J. R. M. THOMAS GLASSE, ENGRAVER.-Is anything known of this engraver and his work? He lived for some years in Craven Street, Strand, and died in 1812. T. ALLAN GLASSE. 28, Arlington Road, West Ealing. COUNT THOSS.-Writing about an extraordinary literary imposture to the Athenæum in February, 1853, a correspondent states that "hundreds of Captains Johnson and Counts Thoss and other impostors are every year arrested." I should like to know more about the Count's achievements in literature. L. L. K. DUNNET.-In the north of Scotland there is a district called Dunnet (parish, village, bay, and headland), where many families bear the same name. In East Anglia_the name Dunnet or Dunnett is very prevalent, but I cannot trace any connexion between the two branches. The Scottish Dunnets I trace to the sixteenth century; the English Dunnets or Dunnetts I cannot trace back further than the early years of the eighteenth century. Are they the same family? Perhaps one of your readers could give me the missing link, if one exists. R. W. D. JAMES II.-In an old journal of a visit to Paris in 1776 there is an entry :— "To a church [in Paris] of Benedictine friars on purpose to see the corps of James II....who lies unburied on a stand, about 6 foot from the ground, with his daughter Louise, who lies by his side...... He is there ready to be shipped off to be buried in Westminster Abbey when any one of his family shall mount the English throne." What became of the corpse afterwards? In Wade's 'British History' it is said that the body of James II. was discovered in a leaden box on digging the foundation of a new church at St. Germain, Paris. How came it there, and where was he finally buried? L. J. C. CUDWORTH FAMILY. The article on Dr. Ralph Cudworth in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' states, "He had several sons, who probably died young, and a daughter Damaris." The present Master of Christ's has kindly informed me that at least one son did not die young. John Cudworth was admitted to Christ's, became Fellow and Senior Dean, and finally was presented to a living. Can any of your readers give me further information concerning him or other of the sons of Dr. Cudworth? I know of them practically nothing, and little of the early life of Dr. Cudworth's grandson WilJ. C. WHITEBROOK, liam. MACKESY.-I am anxious to trace the history of the Irish family of Mackesy, formerly of Ballymackesy, co. Wexford, and latterly of Waterford. Dr. T. L. Mackesy, President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1845, was a grandson of Michael Mackesy, who is said by Burke to be descended from the old sept of the O'Maolmackessy. Can any of your readers help me with information likely to throw light upon earlier members of this family? Ballymackesy seems have belonged to Lord Carew's family since about the middle of the eighteenth century. Is anything known of its previous connexion with the Mackesy family? ARTHUR GROVES. Stanley Cottage, Alperton, Wembley. Beylies. PRISONERS OF WAR IN OUR LITERATURE. (9th S. vii. 469.) to As there is no published list of this nature, perhaps I may be allowed to mention that one of the characters in the late James Grant's best work is first introduced to us when a prisoner of war in Edinburgh Castle. The hero of 'The Romance of War,' Ronald Stuart, 92nd Highlanders, on the eve of his departure to become a "Peninsular hero," noticed among the French captives a young officer in deep dejection, and ventured to say to him :— "I regret much to see an officer placed among the common rank and file. Can I assist you in any way?' Monsieur, I thank you, you are very good, but it is not possible,' stammered the Frenchman in confusion...... Yours are the first words of true kindness that I have heard since I left my own home in our pleasant_ France. Oh, monsieur, I could almost weep! I am degraded among my fellow-soldiers, my frères d'armes. I have broken my parole of honour, and am placed among the private men. I have been placed here in consequence of a desperate attempt I made to escape from the depôt. I perceive you pity me, monsieur; indeed I am very miserable."" Stuart having pressed the captive to accept his purse, "By Heaven and St. Louis! Victor d'Estouville will requite your kindness. If by fortune, or rather misfortune, of war you ever become a prisoner in my native country, you will find that nation, which our old kings loved so long and well, the memory of La Garde Ecossaise and your brave and the sufferings of the fair Marie are not yet forgotten in la Belle France." Until nearly the days of Waterloo, it is stated in Old and New Edinburgh' (Cassell & Co.), the castle vaults were invariably used in every war as a receptacle for French prisoners. They are deep, dark, and horrible dungeons. So many as forty men were confined in one vault. The origin of these vaults is lost in antiquity. There is a very interesting account in Lever's Tom Burke of Ours' of the sad career of Charles Gustave de Meudon, an ex-lieutenant of the 3me Cuirassiers of the French army, who took part in the Irish Rebellion. Shortly before his death in Wicklow, he spoke much to Burke about Italy and Egypt, the Tuileries, La Vendée, and Ireland. His last words were : "Perhaps it may be your fortune to speak to General Buonaparte; if so, I beg you to say to him that when Charles de Meudon was dying-in exile, he held his portrait to his lips, and with his last breath he kissed it." The door of the little room in which this scene occurred opened, and a sergeant entered. "Sorry to disturb you, sir. I have a warrant for the arrest of Capt. de Meudon, a French officer concealed here." Burke pointed to the bed. The sergeant looked, but started back in horror. Charles de Meudon lay dead! HENRY GERALD HOPE. 119, Elms Road, Clapham, S.W. The hero of Robert Louis Stevenson's posthumously published novel 'St. Ives' is a French prisoner of war who escapes from Edinburgh Castle. C. C. B. THE HALBERTS (9th S. vi. 181; vii. 473).— It would be a relief to myself, and I hope to all readers of N. & Q.,' if IBAGUÉ, without departing from the truth, could in any way modify his very painful note at the last reference, which has "got into my constitution" more deeply than I like to think of. IBAGUÉ, as I understand him, speaks of the horrible punishment he describes, not as obsolete, but as in use at this very time. It is almost incredible that such atrocious barbarity should exist in any part of the world at the beginning of the twentieth century, and yet IBAGUE-whose word of course I do not doubt-says that he not only heard of, but actually saw it, so lately as 1876-7; and he also speaks of it in the |