dence in Corinth, A. D. 53, about six months after he left Macedonia; and the second epistle in the same city, probably in the beginning of 54. The genuineness of the epistles is successfully vindicated against Baur and others. The price of this volume, unbound, is about 50 cents; that of Meyer on the first epistle to the Corinthians, 90 cents.

Dr. R. Stier, Berlin, (1850, pp. 126,) has published a Commentary on the "epistle of Jude, the brother of the Lord, as a prophetic warning to all believers of our times who would be watchful." Stier maintains, with Herder, that the epistle was not written by an apostle, but by a son of Mary, and brother of our Lord. It was very probably written before the destruction of Jerusalem. Stier supposes that the author had before his eyes both of the epistles of Peter, which accounts for the resemblance and citations. The statements in regard to Michael, the body of Moses, etc., v. 9, Dr. Stier supposes were drawn from the Jewish tradition, either oral or written, from which, Paul, 2 Tim. 3: 8, appears to have derived the names of the Egyptian magicians. The Spirit who inspired the writers, could separate truth from fable in these traditions.

The first part of the second volume of Hengstenberg's Commentary on the Apocalypse, Berlin, 1850, pp. 405, closes with the 20th chapter. The second part will contain the notes on the two concluding chapters, and various introductory matters. We shall endeavor, as soon as we receive it, to give a synopsis of the writer's views.

The Encyclopaedia of Classical Antiquities, conducted for some years by Dr. Pauly, is now under the charge of professors Waltz and Teuffel. It combines the results of a great amount of study, and is full of interesting and accurate information. The Dictionaries of Dr. William Smith are largely indebted to this work. The two last fasciculi, the 127th and 128th, extend from Trebia to Tullii. The whole number of pages published is 2240 octavo, at about 20 Thaler.

The Bibliotheca Graeca, published at Gotha by Hennings, was commenced under the editorship of the late Frederic Jacobs, and of Rost, the Greek grammarian and lexicographer. Parts of this edition have deservedly had great celebrity. Some of the editors, e. g: Stallbaum, Dissen, Spitzner, Goetling, stand in the front rank of scholars. Stallbaum, the editor of Plato, has just published the third edition of the Phaedo, "much improved and amended," being the 2d section of Vol. I. The ten or eleven volumes of Plato, bound, can be bought in Germany for ten or twelve dollars. Wunder, the editor of Sophocles, has just published the second edition of the Trachiniae, being the second section of Vol. II. Prof. Schneidewin of Göttingen, has published the second fasciculus, second section, second edition of Pindar, pp. 174-376. The first section contains the text and critical notes,--the second, the commentary. The edition was begun by Dissen.

A valuable History of Classical Philology (Geschichte der Klassischen Philologie im Alterthum) is publishing by Dr. A. Gräfenhan, teacher in the gymnasium at Eisleben. Four volumes have been published, the last in 1850. The First Part contains the history of philology from the earliest

1851.]

Germany.

465

times to the end of the fourth century; the Second will embrace the history of the philology of the Middle ages, from the beginning of the 5th century to the invention of printing; and the Third, from the last named epoch to the present time. The first four vols. are wholly occupied with the first part, and discuss the beginnings of philology among the Greeks, the history of philology from Aristotle to Augustus Caesar, and from Caesar to the end of the fourth century. Under the special history of philology, the author considers, 1, Grammar, embracing elements, forms, syntax, rhetoric, lexicography; 2, Exegesis, allegorical, learned, and practical; 3, Criticism, textual, higher, and aesthetic; and 4, Erudition, religion, politics, literature, and art. A great excellence of the book is the citations adduced in the margin in support of the positions in the text. It is full of bibliographical information. The four vols., bound and beautifully printed, cost in Germany about $8.

The fifth edition of Passow's Greek Lexicon, under the charge of Rost, Palm, and Kreussler, is printed as far as the word népas. It will be comprised in two large quarto volumes. The ninth edition of Kühner's Elementary Greek Grammar, with a series of exercises for translation, and the seventh edition of his Elementary Latin Grammar, with exercises and a vocabulary, have been published. L. Döderlein's new Homeric Glossarium is in one volume of 274 pages. The new edition of Nägelbach's Notes on the Iliad, with Excursus, has received some improvements. A second and enlarged edition of Prof. Hand's Practical Manual for exercises in Latin Style, has appeared. Prof. Klotz's Dictionary of the Latin language has been printed as far as the word Condictio, in all 1024 pages. The work of Freund, up to the same word, embraces 918 pages.

The entire works of Livy, under the editorship of William Weissenborn, have been published to the end of the 23d book. The first volume of the edition by Karl Hahn, of the complete works of Tacitus, embraces the Annals in 348 pages.

The most important perhaps of the German theological journals is the Theologische Studien u. Kritiken, conducted by Profs. Ullmann and Umbreit of Heidelberg. It is published quarterly by Perthes of Hamburg, and costs in this country about $4 per annum. The January number for 1851, contains the following articles: I. On the Regard to be paid to Majorities in the Church, by Dr. Ullmann,—an enlargement of an essay communicated by him at a meeting of the Baden clergy, May 30, 1850, an elaborate and temperate discussion of 58 pages. II. The Relation of the Morality of Classical Antiquity to the Christian Morality, illustrated by a comparative view of the doctrine of Love to Enemies, by G. Schaubach, superintendent at Meiningen. The topic is discussed, in 62 pages, with much learning and candor and in an eminently Christian spirit. The general conclusion is, that the doctrine of love to enemies is, in Christianity, founded on principle, it is nothing accidental; it proceeds necessarily from the tendency of the Christian life; it is absolutely inseparable from the nature of Christianity, In the classics we find passages apparently teaching the same doctrine. But the love to enemies which they teach does not rest on fundamental princi

ples; it is not a heartfelt, paternal love. They lack the thought, "forgive, as God forgives thee." In Socrates, Plato and Antoninus, we see some approximation, but no resemblance in Aristotle and the Stoics. III. Johann Denk and his little book on the Law of God, by Heberle of Tübingen. It is an elaborate article of 74 pages, partly biographical, and partly an analysis of the book. Denk acquired much notoriety in the 16th century by his freedom in thinking and acting, often in opposition to the reformers. The essay is a valuable contribution to an extended history of those times. IV. On the Fragments of Pherecydes [of Syra, contemporary of Thales and teacher of Pythagoras] in the Church Fathers, by Prof. J. L. Jacobi of Berlin. V. Examination of the passage, Rom. 8: 18-23, with a special view to Prof. Zyro's exposition of the same, by Pastor Rupprecht of Krögelstein in Bavaria. VI. Survey of some works serving to make known the religious life of the Middle Ages, by Prof. Schmidt of Strasburg. VII. The Afflic tion of Joseph, church considerations, by Pastor Kienlen of Colmar in Alsace, a spirited discussion of some of the great practical questions, which now agitate German Christians.

We learn that the venerable geographer, Dr. Karl Ritter, is still earnestly engaged in his great work. He is said to be the life of the meetings of the Geographical Society, though he will be seventy-two years of age in August next. His views are carried out in this country with great ability in the lectures by his pupil, Prof. Arnold Guyot. The first Part of Vol. XV. of Ritter's geographical work has been published. It contains a general Introduction to Palestine, and a description of the entire system of the Jordan valley with the Dead Sea. The second Part, which will soon be published, will embrace the country east of the Jordan. It will be only of moderate extent, and will conclude with an Index to vols. XIV. and XV. Vol. XVI will describe the western slope of Palestine, including Judea, Samaria, Galilee and northern Syria, together with an Index. Ritter acknowledges his obligations to the unpublished papers of Seetzen, who travelled in Palestine in the years 1805-7, to the communications of Schultz, Prussian consul in Jerusalem, who has made extensive tours in Galilee, and also to many Ms. notices, letters, etc. of the author's friends and correspondents. Prof. Ritter speaks of Dr. Robinson's Researches as constituting an epoch in biblical geography. His journey is distinguished from every former one "by combining the keenest observation of topographical and local relations, with much preparatory study, especially the learned study of the Bible and philological and historical criticism, and also a knowledge of the language of the country on the part of the younger traveller, Rev. Eli Smith, a missionary who had resided for many years at Beirût, and become thoroughly naturalized." Ritter, also, refers to the "Boston Missionary Herald" as containing a great treasure of special investigations on the upper Jordan region, especially in respect to the inhabitants. It is gratifying to notice the many references to and quotations from the Missionary Herald, the investigations of Lieut. Lynch, and the papers in our own Journal from the pens of Dr. Robinson, Messrs. Wolcott, Thomson, Smith, De Forest and others.

Universities in Holland, 1850. The number of teachers and students was

The last named does not confer degrees; the students, on finishing their course, take their degrees at Leyden without further study. There is much to regret in the theological teaching of the universities, but it is gratifying to know, that the department of biblical literature in all, is in the hands of evangelical men. The literary men of Holland seem to be reposing on the reputation of their predecessors. The treasures of the Leyden library are suffered in a great measure to lie useless. Of her living scholars, Hamaker among the orientalists, and Bake and Peerlkamp, among the classical editors, are occasionally heard from.

A congress of delegates of the literary and scientific societies of the different provinces of France was held at the Luxembourg in Paris on the 20th of February, to consider the condition of the public libraries, the methods by which they can be rendered more useful, the state of the collections of fine arts, antiquities, etc., the ways in which a more effective connection may be established between the different societies, etc.

We regret to learn that the Chinese Repository, which has been published for the last nineteen years at Canton, China, was to be discontinued at the .close of 1850. It has shared the fate of some other excellent periodical works, of enjoying lavish commendation and a very insufficient patronage. As a storehouse of authentic information in respect to the vast regions of China, Japan, Corea, etc., its value can hardly be overestimated. We hope that the managers of our public libraries will hasten to obtain possession of a complete set of this thesaurus. Application may be made to the publisher, S. Wells Williams, of Canton. A general index will be published with the last number.

The two German travellers, Drs. Barth and Overweg, who are attempting to enter the interior of Africa from the North, had reached, Aug. 24, 1850, the frontiers of the kingdom of Air, or Asben, i. e. about 20° 30′ N. lat. and 9° 20′ E. long., a point never before reached by Europeans. The adventurous missionary, Livingston, has discovered another large lake north of Ngami. Mr. Layard was about to explore, when last heard from, the ruins on and below the site of ancient Babylon. A subscription is making in England by individuals, in order to defray his expenses. Major Herbert Edwardes, the hero of Upper India, has brought out in two thick volumes, a narrative of his perilous adventures and hair-breadth escapes, during the late war. They contain, in a very graphic and soldier-like style, much geo

graphical and topographical information in regard to a country never before investigated by Europeans.

MISCELLANIES.

Helps for the Study of the Sanskrit.

The following list contains some of the more necessary works for the study of the Sanskrit language.

Wilson. Sanskrit Grammar, 2d ed. London, 1847. Price in this country, perhaps, $4,50.

Bopp. Kritische Grammatik der Sanscrita Sprache in kürzerer Fassung, 2d edition. Berlin, 1845. Catalogue price, 2 1-2 rth. Wilson attaches himself more to the method of the native Indian grammarians. Bopp treats the subject according to the principles of his Comparative Grammar. Wilson's Grammar contains a compendious Syntax, and an exhibition of the peculiar dialectic forms of the Vêdas.

The only complete dictionary of the language, is that of Wilson. Sanskrit and English Dictionary, 2d ed. Calcutta, 1832. Price about $30,00. The roots of the language are best exhibited by Westergaard. Radices Linguae Sanskritae. Bonn, 1841. 8 1-2 rth. An admirable work, which contains the verbs both simple and compound, with definitions and illustrative citations.

The roots of the language are given also by Bopp. Glossarium Sanscritum, Berlin, 1847. 6 2-3 rth. With cognate forms of other Indo-European languages. This work gives also the derivatives which occur in several Sanskrit books, so as to form a pretty complete and satisfactory lexicon for the six following works:

Indralôkâgamanam. Ardschuna's Reise zu Indra's Himmel. Berlin, 1824. 4 rth.

Diluvium, cum tribus aliis MahâBhârati episodiis. Berlin, 1829. 2 2-3 rth. Nalus, MahaBharati episodium. 2d ed. Berlin, 1832. 4 rth.

2d ed. Bonn, 1846. 4 rth. Bonn, 1831. 9 rth.

Berlin, 1833. 4 rth.

Bhagavad Gîlâ. Schlegel and Lassen. Hitopadesas. Schlegel and Lassen. Urvasia, Fabula Calidasi. ed. Lenz. Bopp's edition of the Nala is accompanied by a very literal Latin translation, and a few notes; it forms an interesting text-book for the beginner. The following work contains a large amount of Sanskrit texts at a very cheap rate; the Lexicon and Grammar promised in the Preface have not yet made their appearance. Böhtlingk. Sanskrit-Chrestomathie. Leipzig, 1845. 1 1-2 rth.

We subjoin a very few of the most important works on the Comparative Philology of the Indo-European languages.

Bopp. Vergleichende Grammatik. Parts 1-5. 14 5-6 rth. It is to be completed next summer by the publication of a sixth part; the first part, it is said, has been some time out of print. The five have been translated