Agriculture. Average of the states 77.4 per cent. Free.-Rhode Island........ 40'0 per cent. | Slave.-Maryland 68.9 per cent. Massachusetts........ 41.2 Average of the free states 68.1; and of the slave states 88.2 per cent. Mining is not carried on very extensively in the United States. The following states take the lead in this branch of industry :Pennsylvania 4,603 persons, or 1.3 per cent on those employed. New York.... 1,898 Wisconsin.... 794 Free. ⚫3 7.5 Slave.-Virginia........ 1,995 Average of the free states 4 per cent., and of the slave states 2 per cent., on the total employed. Average of the free states 23.7 per cent., and of the slave states 8.3. The free states have only one-third as much sea-coast as the slave states; yet they greatly surpass the latter, both in commerce and in navigation. Average of the free states 3.1, and of the slave states 1.7 per cent. Navigation of the Ocean.-The number of ocean states is 1810 slave and 8 free, of which New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania in the free states, and Mississippi and Alabama in the slave states, have very little coast. The per-centage on persons employed in the coast states was 17. A small number of persons belonging to this branch of navigation are also to be found in the inland parts. Average of the coast states: free 3.0, slave, 3 per cent. Navigation of Canals, Lakes, and Rivers.— Average of the free states 9, and of the slave states 5 per cent. The superiority of the free states in inland navigation is mainly owing to the number of canals they contain. Mr. Tanner's estimate for this year (1840) is as follows :— The lake trade at this time (1840) had not attained any great importance, except in the state of New York, but has since increased immensely. Several towns engaged in it have sprung up, as the following list of lake-towns will show : Free.-Rhode Island Learned Professions and Engineers. 1.1 per cent. Slave.-North Carolina Georgia South Carolina 1884 '4 per cent. Virginia 1.0 Average of the free states 1·8, and of the slave states ·9 per cent. Education.-Under this head were classified 2,493,900 persons, of whom 16,233 attended universities or colleges. Total 2,493,900 Or 17.1 per cent. on the free population, supposing no slaves were educated. Universities, &c.-11 per cent. on the free population of the states attended these establishments. This class of education is naturally very irregularly distributed, an important institution in one state being apt to draw students from the neighbouring ones. Louisiana, which had the largest pro portion of this kind of education, had the least of the lower descrip Average of the free states 09, and of the slave states 15 per cent. Academies and Grammar Schools.-1.1 per cent. on the free population attended these schools. Rhode Island The free states under the average include all westward from New York state. Average of the free states 1.1, and of the slave states 1.2 per cent. Primary and Common Schools.-Per-centage for the United States 12.7 on the free population. Free.-Iowa Wisconsin Indiana Illinois... 3.5 per cent. Slave.-Louisiana 1.9 per cent. Pennsylvania 10.4 " This kind of education is evidently most largely developed in New England and the state of New York, the maximum being in Maine, while the minimum is in Louisiana, at the opposite corner of the United States. Average of the free states 16.9, and of the slave states 4.2 per cent. Scholars at Public Charge. - Per-centage on the free popula tion 3.2. Average of the free states 44, and of the slave states '7 Total Scholars.-Per-centage on free population 17·1. Free.-Iowa per cent. 3.6 per cent. Slave.-Arkansas 3.8 per cent. Average of the free states 22.5, and of the slave states 6.2 per cent. Ignorance.-It appears by the census for 1840 that 549,693 whites above 20 years of age out of the total number, 6,439,699, or 8.5 per cent., were unable to read or write. I am disposed to consider the proportion of ignorance as a more certain test of the state of education among a people than that supplied by the statistics of school attendance, chiefly on the ground that, while one is a mean, the other is a result actually obtained. |