RUNT means "The Trunk of a tree.-The hardened Stem or Stalk "of a plant," as Dr. Jamieson explains it; who observes on this word, "Sibb. derives it, without any 'probability, from Root. It is perhaps radically the same with the German Rinde, bark; also "crust; for what is a Runt, S. but the stalk hardened into a sort "of bark?” The term Rinde or Rind will be considered in a future page. RUNT meant, I imagine, originally the Roor of the Tree; and then the Roor-like substantial part, and it belongs to Runcino, &c., just as Roor the substantive belongs to the verb 'To Roor out.' The explanatory word Stem means, we know, the Stalk and the Stock or Stump of a Tree. The succeeding word to RUNT in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary is a word under the same form RUNT, "An old Cow," and in English "An Ox or Cow of "a small size,” as this Lexicographer explains it; who justly refers the word in these senses to the Belgic Rund, a Bullock; and the German Rind, An Ox or Cow. Dr. Jamieson imagines, that the English and Scotch senses of the word are "evidently "quite different;" yet the Reader will now understand, that they both contain the same fundamental idea of the little Stumpy 'animal,' either as referring to its original diminutive size, or as denoting what is worn down to the Stump,' as we express it. Dr. Jamieson does not seem to understand, that RUNT, "the Trunk "of a tree;" and RUNT, "An old cow," have any relation to each other, though he gives us, as a secondary meaning of both words, the sense of "An old Woman."

The term RINE, (Pwn, Lima,) A File-the Scratcher upon a surface, belongs to RIN, (P, Nasus,) just as Runcina, A Saw or Plane, belongs to RUNCO. The Greek RION, (Plov, Montis cacumen, promontorium,) the Projecting Promontory, is derived from a metaphorical application of RIN, (Pw,) the Nose, which projects from the face. This metaphor is perpetual. RINOS, (Pos, ou, Pellis, cutis, corium;-Clypeus, scutum,) might originally denote the

Shield,

Shield, and be derived from the idea of that, which was Projected before the person for its defence; and in that case the Skin or Hide, as denoting the usual materials, of which the Shield was made, would be its secondary sense. We shall find however another idea, from which the term may be derived. In Welsh, RHYN signifies "A Mountain, a hill, a cape, a promontory," says Mr. Richards; who proceeds thus: "In the Highlands of "Scotland, it is Run, as our Din or Dinas is their Dun. RHŶN, "perhaps signified anciently a Nose, as the Greek P, Rhin. To "this Rhyn answers the old English Ness, as in Sheerness in the "Isle of Shepey, Cathness in Scotland, &c. And a promontory is "called by the same word, as Nose, in other Languages. Hence, the "compound Penrhyn, our most common word for a Promontory."

I have shewn in a former part of my Work, that WREATH, WRITHE, WREST, WRESTle, are derived from the action of Stirring up the EARTH (p. 609.) I have supposed, that WRENCH, WRING, with their parallels, are quasi WRIGCH, WRIGG. I have imagined, that RING, the Circle, is that, which is WRUNG or Turned round, just as WREATH, in its gentler sense, belongs to WRITHE, the term of Violence. The verb 'To RING, (Pulsare, 'Tinnire'); Hringan, Ringan, (Sax.) &c. &c. is the Noise made in the violent action of WRINGing. I have shewn, that WRINKLE, with its parallels Wrincle, (Sax.) Runtzel, (Germ.) &c. relates to the Surface made Rough or Corrugated, by WRINGing or Turning up that Surface; just as RuGosus or corRugated denotes the Surface made ROUGH by throwing it up into RUGE or Furrows, i. e. RUTS and RIDGES. What is WRONG is that, which is WRUNG-Turned aside, or Perverted from its true course; and hence we have the word produced by Junius WRENCHES, "Deceitful Tricks, frauds." In Saxon, WRINC, SC. Eagas, is "Ictus oculi Ictus oculi," which means the WRINGing or Turning about of the eyes.". The WREN, Regulus, Trochilus, belongs to Wring, To Twist or Turn about, for the

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same

same reason as it is called Trochilus; and from the name of the Bird, the Saxon Wrane, Libidinosus, is derived. WRANGLE is a term of Agitation, denoting Strife, &c., belonging to the same idea of Twisting-Turning or Stirring about, as in the action of Contention. The Etymologists, under WRENCH and WRING, justly refer us, among other words, to the German RINGen, which my German Lexicographer explains by "To strive, struggle, "Wrestle, fight, contend." In the explanatory term WRESTLE we see again the sense annexed to the action of WRESTingTurning or Twisting about.

Wachter explains RINGen in various articles by "Flectere, " torquere, stringere. Anglo-Saxones dicunt Wringan, Belgæ Wringen, Angli, To Wring;-Luctari ;-Pugnare, certare, Vincere;-Lucrari ;" where we have the same fundamental idea. In 'Lucrari' we still see the sense of Wringing something from "a person.' In German, RING, or ge-RING, signifies "Mean, sorry, pitiful," &c.; which belongs to RINGen, and denotes the person in a 'WRUNG, Reduced state,' and need not be referred to Prywow, Rumpo, as Wachter conjectures. This Lexicographer explains RING in one sense by "Annulus, Concilium procerum, consessus judicum. Solent enim, qui rei publice causâ conveniunt, Circulum "facere considendo. Gloss. R. Mauri: proceres Hringa." To this idea he has justly referred the Italian Rengare, Arengare, Aringare, the French Haranguer, to which belongs, as we know, the English Harangue. In HARANGUE We have a breathing before the 'R, as in Hringa, Wring. We cannot but note, how the Harang, Hareng, the fish called the Herring, agrees in form with Harangue ; and we shall now understand, that the HERRING is denominated from its Pickled state, or Pungent quality, as denoting that, which WRINGS, Pricks or Excites the palate. We know, that Pickle and Pungent belong to a similar metaphor.

In Shakspeare, WRITHLE, and in other ancient writers,
WRIZLE

WRIZLE, Occurs for Wrinkle, "This Weak and WRITHLED Shrimp," (First Part of Henry VI. A. II. S. 3.) In Scotch, WRINGLE is well explained in Dr. Jamieson, by "A WRITHING motion," to which he adds, "either allied to E. WRIGGLE, or to the following word." This word is WRINK, WRYNK, which he again properly explains by "A Turning, Winding.-A Trick, a fraud, subterfuge;" and justly refers to the old English word Wrenche, the Saxon Wrenc, fraus, dolus; and the German "Rancken, "Rencken, To Bend, Turn." The adjective WRINKLIT, "Intri"cate, having many turnings," the succeeding word in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, is applied by Gawin Douglas to the Labyrinth of Crete. It is curious to observe, how by a just impression the mind is directed to the original idea conveyed by a word, and how precisely the imagery of the Poet unfolds and confirms the conjecture of the Etymologist. In the following passage, the origin of the term WRONG is most accurately de

fined,

I suspect, that the word Labyrinth itself is of Teutonic origin. We might conceive it to be compounded of Laube, (Germ.) the Leafy Spot-the Arbour, &c. &c., and of RINTH, RING, &c. &c. Winding. In the Teutonic Dialects, Laub means a Leaf, and Laube, &c. signifies any Place covered with Leaves-An Arbour-Wood, &c. 'Umbra'culum, pergula frondibus cooperta ;-Casa, tugurium, ex frondibus et ramis arborum <contextum.-Silva,' &c. &c., as Wachter explains it. Various compounds of this word Laube are familiar in the Teutonic Dialects, as Laub-Hutte, A Tent,' &c. It is curious, that the German term for a Labyrinth is a combination, precisely coinciding in sense with that, which I have imagined, as Irr=Garten, the Err-Garden, the Garden in which persons Err or Wander. I must add likewise, that in a Teutonic mind the idea of some Leafy Rural-like Spot, as of a Bower—Arbour—Garden, &c. is certainly connected with our conceptions of a Labyrinth. Perhaps we might conjecture, that the YRIN in Lab= Yrinth, belonged directly to ERREN, and then the compound would be LAUBE-ERREN. I must leave this point to be adjusted by the adepts in the more ancient forms of the Teutonic Dialects; yet I persuade myself, that I am not very remote from the source of this word, and that a combination will be discovered, which will confirm my ideas on this subject.

fined, as denoting what is WRESTED or Perverted from its proper state, or its due and right course :

"And I beseech you,

"WREST Once the law to your authority

"To do a great right, do a little WRONG."

The English Round, and its parallels, as produced by the Etymologists, Rond, (Fr.) the Teutonic Rundt, Ronda, (Ital. and Span.) Tonda, (Ital.) Raund, Clypeus; Run, Rond, Umbo, &c., are supposed to belong to the Latin Rotundus. If that should be

the fact, they ought not to be considered as directly connected with the race of words before us. They might however be attached to such terms as RAND, the Bounding RINGE, or to RING that which is RINGED up, or WRENCHED up, if I might so say, Turned up-about-over, or ROUND, so as to en-RING, or surROUND. The RIND of any thing seems to signify, that which sur-ROUNDS. The Etymologists have referred us to the Saxon Rind, the German and Belgic Rinde; and they have produced likewise the Greek Rinos, (Pivos, Pellis,) and Ren, (Pv, Ovis, q. d. Pellis Ovina,) and the Saxon Reon, Stragulum. These words may all belong to each other, under the same idea of that, which sur-ROUNDS. We ought to remember, that RINOS, (Pivos, Pellis, Clypeus,) means likewise a Shield; which sense appears to connect the Greek term directly with the Danish Raund, Clypeus. If this should be the true relation of the above words, RINOS,

(Ρινος, (Pos, Clypeus,) is not directly derived from Rin, (Pw, Nasus,) as denoting the Projecting object, but the one should be referred to the other, as containing the same fundamental idea; namely, that of Turning up-over-about, or ROUND about here and there, or Routing up, and that of Turning ROUND about or sur-Rounding. In the Celtic Dialects the term for the RIND appears under the form RS, &c. In Welsh, RHISG and RHISGL signify the Rind or

Bark: