versity than their opponents, 227.
secuted the Catholics in Africa, iv. 138.
In Spain, 150. Their writinge destroyed,
iii. 227, iv. 152. Dispute with the Ca-
tholic bishops at Lyons, 170.
Arii, a tribe of the Lygians, their terrific
mode of waging war, i. 400.
Arinthaus, general of the horse to Julian,
iii. 16; (afterwards erroneously called
Arintheus in some editions of Gibbon.)
Serves Valens against Procopius, 73. In
the Gothic war, 128.

Ariovistus seizes two-thirds of the lands of
the Sequani, iv. 191.
Aristides, his apology for Christianity, ii.
97. His petition to Marcus Antoninus
for the cities that had suffered by earth
quakes, iv. 548, note.

Aristobulus, principal minister of Carus,
and Diocletian, i. 423.

Aristotle, the first by whom the silk-worm
is mentioned, iv. 311, note. Studied by
the Arabians, vi. 146. Restored by the
Mahometans of Spain to the Latin schools,
147. His logic better adapted to the
detection of error than to the discovery of
truth, ib. The oracle of the Western uni-
versities, but in a barbarous form, vii. 37.
Arius, his learning, character, and opinions,
ii. 404. Is excommunicated, ib.
numerous followers, 405. Is banished
by Constantine, 418. Recalled, and his
ith approved, 419. His death, ib.
Arius, a Roman whose exercise of paternal
power was approved by Augustus and
Seneca, v. 49.

His

Arles, Maximian seizes the treasures depo-
sited there and re-ascends the throne, i.
486. Synod of, ii. 384, 435. Occupied
by the usurper Constantine, iii. 331. Be-
sieged by Gerontius, 461. Surrendered
to Constantius, the general of Honorius,
463. The seat of government and assem-
bly of the Seven Provinces, 480. De-
fended by Egidius against the Visigoths,
iv. 18. Captured by Abderame, vi. 129.
Armenia, is formed into a Roman province
by Trajan, i. 8. Is seized by Sapor king
of Persia, 337. Tiridates, the native king,
restored, 438. He is again expelled by
the Persians, 442. Again restored by
treaty between the Romans and Per-
sians, 449.

Its conversion to Christianity, ii. 77,
272. Is rendered tributary to Persia, on
the death of Tiridates, 273. Character of
Arsaces Tiranus, and his conduct to the
emperor Julian, iii. 13. Abandoned by
Jovian in the treaty of Dura, 48. Is
reduced by Sapor to a Persian province,
120. Allowed a precarious neutrality, 122.
Its distractions and division between the
Persians and the Romans, 521.

History of Christianity in, v. 269.
Conquered by the Mongols, vii. 128.
Armentarius, name given to Galerius, i. 425.

Armour, defensive, is laid aside by the
Romans and adopted by the Barbarians,
iii. 271. Manufactories of, at Soissons,
iv. 162, note.

Arms of the Roman Legions, i. 14.
Army of the Romans, how composed, i. 19.
How commanded, 20, note. Number

and disposition of the legions, 21. The
power of the general almost despotic, 82.
Discipline enforced by Augustus, 96. Con-
stantine's military policy, ii. 214. Ad-
mission of slaves, 220. Barbarian auxi-
liaries, 221. Lands bestowed on veterans,
148, 220, note.

Arnold of Brescia, his heresy and history,
vi. 352.

Arnulph, king of Germany, vi. 268.
Aromatics, the importation and use of
them at Rome, i. 73, and note.
Arpad, king of Hungary, vi. 263, note; 265.
His dynasty, 274.

Arragon, derivation of the name, i. 24,

note.

Arraceni of Pliny, probably Saracens, v.
447, note.

Arrian, his visit to, and description of,
Colchos, iv. 476, 483.

Arrechis, duke of Beneventum, v. 409.
Arrogation, Roman ceremony of adoption,
v. 60, note.

Arsaces, a king of Armenia under Arcadius,
iii. 521.

Arsaces Tiranus, king of Armenia, his cha-
racter, and disaffection to the emperor
Julian, iii. 13. Withdraws his troops
treacherously from the Roman service,
31. His disastrous end, 120.
Arsacides of Parthia, rivals of Rome, v. 316.
Arsacides of Armenia, deified. Their statues
overthrown, i. 439. Their government
suppressed by the Romans, iii, 521. Their
descendants degraded from the royal
dignity, 522. Length of their reign, 623.
Arsacius, patriarch of Constantinople, suc-
ceeds Chrysostom, iii. 506.
Arsenius, a bishop contemporary with Atha-
nasius, ii. 427.

Arsenius, tutor of Arcadius, iii, 315.
Arsenius, patriarch of Constantinople, ex-
communicates Michael Palao.ogus, vii.
62. Faction of the Arsenites, 63.
Artaban, king of Parthia, is defeated and
slain by Artaxerxes king of Persia, i. 250.
Artaban, an Armenian prince, kills Gon-

tharis, iv. 499. Conspires against the eu

wars and treaty with the emperor Valens, iii. 128. Is defeated by the Huns and retires into the mountains, 165. His visit to Theodosius, death and funeral, 202. Athanasius, St., archbishop of Alexandria, confesses his understanding bewildered by meditating on the divinity of the Logos, ii. 400. General view of his opinions, 409. Is banished, 419. His education and character, 424. His election irregular and precipitate, 426. He is summoned to appear at Tyre, 428. Is banished to Treves, and restored, 430. Is degraded by the council of Antioch, and withdraws to Rome, 431. Is restored through the influence of Constans, 433. is again expelled, 440. Retires among the monks of Thebais, 442. Is again restored, 554. Persecuted and expelled by Julian, 556. Is again concealed in the desert, 557. Returns to Alexandria, iii. 59. Death 86, Monasticism reared and organised by him, and recommended to the Western Church, iv. 109, note; 112, note. Not the author of the creed attributed to him, 146, note. Athanasius, patriarch of Constantinople, his contests with the Greek emperor Andronicus the Elder, vii. 84. Afhaulphus. See Adolphus.

Athelstan, plants a Saxon colony at Exeter, iv. 218.

Athenais, daughter of the philosopher Leontius. See Eudocia.

Athens, its narrow policy, and decrease in the number of its citizens, i. 42. Libramies spared by the Goths, 336. Naval strength of the republic of, during its prosperity, 517, note.

Is laid under contribution by Alaric the Goth, ini. 337.

Review of the philosophical history of, iv. 350. The schools of, silenced by the emperor Justinian, 355.

Revolutions of, after the crusades, and its present state, vii. 7, 80, Athos, Mount, beatine visions of the monks of, vii. 105.

Atlantic Ocean, derivation of its name, i. 33. Atlas, Mount, described, i. 33, note. Almeidan. See Hippodrome.

Atropatene, a province of Armenia, ii. 273. Atsiz, lieutenant of Malek Shah, takes Jerusalem, vi. 394.

Allacotti, a Caledonian tribe, iii. 111. Attalus, prefect of Rome, is chosen emperor by the senate, under the influence of Alaric, iii. 434. Is publicly degraded, 437. His future fortune, 465. Attalus, a noble youth of Auvergne, his adventures, iv. 200.

Attila, the Hun, description of his person and character, iii. 550. His conquests, 553.

poses terms of peace on Theodosius the Younger, 565. Oppresses Theodosius by his ambassadors, 568. Description of his royal residence, 572. His reception of the ambassadors of Theodosius, 574. Celebrated under the name of Etzel in the Nibelungen-lied; probable origin of the fiction, 577, note. His behaviour on discovering the scheme of Theo dosius to get him assassinated, 579. His haughty messages to the emperors of the East and West, iv. 2. The friend of Etius, 4. Demands the princess Honoria in marriage, 13. His invasion of Gaul, 15. His oration to his troops on the approach of Etius and Theodoric, 20. Battle of Chalons, 21. invasion of Italy, 26. His retreat purchased by Valentinian, 32. His mar riage and death, 34.

His

Attuarii, a tribe of Franks, ii. 474.
Alys and Cybele, the lable of, allegorized by
Julian, ii. 511.

Auction, tax on sales by, a part of the Roman Excise, i. 209.

Augurs, Roman, their number and peculiar office, iii. 273.

Augustin, St., his progress from reason to faith, ii. 18, note. Praised the severe laws of Theodosius against paganism, iii. 293, note. His work, The City of God, iii. 302. His account of the miracles wrought by the body of St. Stephen, 302. Celebrates the piety of the Goths at the sacking of Rome, 440. Approves the persecution of the Donatists of Africa, 534. His death, character, and writings, 537. History of his relics, iv. 380, note. Augustulus, son of the patrician Orestes, is chosen emperor of the West, iv. 95. Is deposed by Odoacer, 96. His real name Romulus, 100, note. His banishment to the Lucullan villa in Campania, 101.

Augustus, emperor, his moderate exercise of power, i. 2. Is imitated by his successors, 3. His naval regulations, 21. His division of Gaul, 24. His situation after the battle of Actium, 79. He reforms the senate, 79. Procures a sena. torial grant of the imperial dignity, 81. Division of provinces between him and the senate, 84. Is allowed his military command and guards in the city of Rome, 85. Obtains the consular and tribunitian offices for life, 85. His character and policy, 94. Adopts Tiberius, 98. Formed an accurate register of the revenues and expenses of the empire, 202. Taxes instituted by him, 207. Left a foundation for a perpetual sacrifice in the tempie of Jerusalem, ii. 5. His naval establishments at Ravenna, iii. 359. Said not to have known the use of linen or of glass, His policy in amusing the idin hess of Rome, 417. In providing a plen

tiful supply of corn, ii. 194; iii. 413. His sobriety, 418. Contrast between his modesty and the ostentation of Charles IV., v. 434.

Augustus and Cæsar, those titles explained and discriminated, i. 93. Examples, 423, 425, 486.

Aurasius, a mountain in Africa, iv. 389, note; 391, and note. Aurelian, emperor, recommended to the army by Claudius II. i. 359. His origin and services, 360. Relinquishes Dacia to the Goths, 362. Defeats the Allemanni, 365; encloses Rome with new walls, 368. Restores order in Gaul and Britain, 370. His war against Zenobia, 374. His triumpli, 380. lis generous treatment of his rivals, 381. His severity in suppressing a tumult in Rome, 384. Is assassinated, 386. Hostile to the Christians, ii. 140. Planted vineyards along the coast of Italy, iii. 418.

Aurengzebe, account of his immense camp,

i. 263. note. Dissolution of his empire, vii. 191.

Aureolus is invested with the purple on the Upper Danube, i. 351. His defeat and death, 354.

Aureus, the gold coin of Rome, ii. 238, note. Changed by Constantine for the solidus, vii. 29, note.

His

llis

Ausonius, the tutor of the emperor Gratian; his religious principles doubtful, iii. 210. note. His promotions, 211, note. description of Padua, 419, note. friendship for Paulinus, 450, note. Antharis, king of the Lombards in Italy, his wars with the Franks, v. 115. His adventurous gallantry, 124.

Autun, the city of, stormed and plundered by the legions in Gaul, i. 371. Eumenius, professor of rhetoric in its college, 467, nole. Constantine remits its arrears of tribute, 489, ii. 233, note.

Auvergne, province of, in Gaul, revolutions of, iv. 138.

Auxiliaries, part of the Roman army, i. 18. Barbarian, fatal consequences of their admission into the Roman armies, 294. Increased by Constantine, ii. 221. dears, their real history and existing descendants, iv. 455. They are discomfited by the Turks, 455. Their embassy to the emperor Justinian, 456. Their conquests in Poland and Germany, 457. Their embassy to Justin II., v. 96. They join the Lombards against the Gepida, 99. Pride, policy, and power, of their chagan Baian, 153. Their conquests, 156. Attempt to capture Constantinople, 176. Are obliged to retreat, 188. See Hungary. Avernus, Lake, iii. 409, note.

Acerroes, his religious infidelity, how far justifiable, vi. 151, note.

frersa, a town near Naples, built as a settlement for the Normans, vi. 304.

Avicenna, the Arabian physician, vi. 149.
Avienus, his character and embassy from
Valentinian III. to Attila, iv. 32.
Avignon, the holy see transferred from
Rome to that city, vii. 380. Return of
pope Urban V. to Rome, 420.

Aritus, his embassy from Etius to Theoderic king of the Visigoths, iv. 17. Assumes the empire, 50. His deposition and death, 56.

Avitus, bishop of Vienna (Vienne), iv. 170. Awsites, an Arabian tribe, v. 489. Azuch, a Turkish slave, his generous friend. ship to the princess Auna Comnena, v. 342. And to Manuel Comuenus, 343. Arume, capital of Abyssinia; Greek form of Agzaab, iv. 495, and note.

dyela, or Egilona, widow of Roderic, her marriage with Abdelaziz, vi. 101, and note. Ayesha, daughter of Abu Beker, and wife of Mahomet, v. 514. Said to have opposed her father's clevation as caliph, 518. Is made prisoner by Ali, 523. Retires to the tomb of Mahomet, 524. Ayub, father of Saladin. The tribe of Ayoubites named from him, vi. 492, note. Azimus, or Azimuntium, remarkable spirit shown by the citizens of, against Attila and his Huns, iii. 556. They defend their privileges against Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maurice, v. 158.

Azoph, sack of, by the Moguls, vii. 168. See Asgard.

Azyms, fiercely debated between the churches of the East and West, vi. 525. Azymites, vii. 263.

Azzadin, sultan of Iconium, vii. 128. Azzo or Azo, ancestor of the lines of Brunswick and Este, vi. 323, note. Union of his family with the Guelphs, 475, note; vii. 463, note.

B

Baalbec, description of the ruins of, vi. 40. See Heliopolis.

Babec, father of Artaxerxes, i. 249, note. Babas, St., bishop of Antioch, his posthu mous history, ii. 548.

Babylon, Rome so called by the first Christians, ii. 32. Its extent, 187, note. Was converted into a royal park, iii, 21. Licentiousness that prevailed there, 25,

note.

Babylon, in Egypt, the fortress of Memphis, ví. 57.

Bacchanals, in Rome, ii. 74. Bacchus, an ancient chapel of, at Alexandria, iii. 287.

Bacon, Friar, his knowledge of gunpowder, vi. 126, note.

Bacon, a regular allowance of, to the poor of Rome, iii. 418.

Badoero, name of an illustrious family at Venice, v. 109.

Baduarius, an officer and son-in-law of 'he emperor Justin II. v. 109, note.

Badrila, the real Lame of Totila, iv. 505,

nole.

Batica, one of the three provinces of Roman Spain, i. 24. Held by the Vandals, iii. 530. Conquered by Tarik, vi. 93. Baganda, in Gaul, revolt of the, its occasion, and suppression by Maximian, i. 427. Recruit the army of Julian, ii. 474, note. Occupy the passes of the Alps, iii. 379, note. Confederate in Gaul and Spain, iv. 42.

Bayaran, a mountain of Armenia, i, 439. Bagdad becomes the royal residence of the Abbassides, vi. 139. Derivation of the name, 139. note. Fallen state of the caliphs of, 174. The city of, stormed and sacked by the Moguls, vii. 128.

Baharites, a Mameluke dynasty in Egypt,

vi. 519.

Bahram, the Persian general, his character and exploits, v. 143. Is provoked to rebellion, 145. Dethrones Chosroes, 148. His usurpation and death, 150.

Bahrein, a maritime district of Persia, v.

438.

Baian, chagan of the Avars, his pride, policy, and power, v. 153. His seizure of Sirmium and Singidunum, 156. His conquests, 156. His attempt to seize the emperor Heraclius, 176. Invests Constantinople, 187. Retires, 188. Baikal, the holy sea or lake, iii. 153. Baityla, their origin, v. 456, note. Bajazet I. sultan of the Turks, his reign, vii. 149. His victory at Nicopolis, 151. IIis magnificence, 155. His correspondence with Timour, 171. Is defeated and captured by him, 179. His death, 181. In

quiry into the story of the iron cage, 182. His sons, 192.

Bajazet II. assists the agents of Lorenzo

de Medici in their search for MSS., vii. 257, note.

Balbinus elected joint emperor with Maximus by the senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, i. 229.

Balbus, Cornelius, a noble Spaniard, the friend of Cæsar, i. 229, note. Baldwin, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, accompanies him on the first crusade, vi. 420. Founds the Latin principality of Edessa, 444. Becomes king of Jerusalem, 495.

Baldwin, count of Flanders, engages in the fourth crusade, vi. 537. Is chosen emperor of Constantinople, vii. 3. Is taken prisoner by Calo-John, king of the Bulkarians, 15. His death, 16. Legend concerning him, 17.

Baldwin 11. emperor of Constantinople, vii. 26. His distresses and expedients, 27. His expulsion from that city, 34. His death, $5.

Baldwin 11. king of Jerusalem, vi. 495.
Baldwin 111 king of Jerusalem, vi. 496.
Zaluzia IV. king of Jerusalem, vi. 496.

Balears isles, the, i. 33. Occupied by tas Vandzis, iii 530.

Balista, employed by Belisarius in defence of Rome, iv 411. Introduced among the Mongols, vii. 125, note.

Baltha Ogli, the Turkish admiral, defeated vii. 313.

Balti or Balthi, the royal race of the Visigoths, iii. 335, note, 469, note.

Baltic Sea, progressive subsidence of the waters of the, i. 273, note. How the

Romans acquired a knowledge of the naval powers of, iii, 103, note. Baluze, his Lives of the Popes of Avignon, vii. 380, note.

Banchor, monastery in Flintshire, iv. 113. Baptism, theory and practice of, among the primitive Christians, ii, 362.

Baradaus, James, founder of the Jacobites Meaning of his name, v. 265, note. Barbarians, the, of the East and the North begin to be formidable, i. 248. The Roman superiority over them restored by Claudius II. and Aurelian, 369. Maintained by the victories of Probus, 398. He disperses them in small bands through his army, and plants colonies of captives or fugitives, 403. Diocletian's policy to weaken and restrain them, 432. They renew their inroads after the death of Julian, iii. 93. No decisive victory over them achieved by Theodosius, 197. Influence of Roman civilization on them, 374, note. Unjustly accused as authors of the public calamities, 375, note. Were not destroyers of public monuments, 418, and note. Their permanent establishment in Gaul, 473. Not so violent and unjust as the Roman legionaries, 476. Progress of Christianity among them, ii. 365, iv. 130. Their state in the time of Justinian, 441. Their legislation, iv. 183, 209, 263, v. 127. Beneficent effects of their government in the conquered provinces, ii. 468, iv. 180, 203, note. Their improvement obstructed by the priesthood, iv. 182, note, 205, note." Barbary, the name of that country, whence derived, vi. 84, note. The Moors of, converted to the Mahometan faith, 86. Barbatio, arrests Gallus, ii, 308. His misconduct in Gaul under Julian, 327. Barcochebas, his rebellion, ii. 89. Bardanes, see Philippicus. Bardas, Cæsar, murdered by his nephew, v. 318; a patron of learning, vi. 229. Bards, their power of exciting a martial enthusiasm in the people, i. 292. preserve the tradition of Arthur and his exploits, iv. 221. Propagate the Celtic idiom in Wales and Armorica, 228. Protected by the laws of Elizabeth, ib. Bargus, accuses his patron of treason, iii.438. Bar-Hebræus. See Abulphuregius.

Bari, is taken from the Saracens, by the joint efforts of the Latin and Greek