ter of Genesis, Cuvier, Jacquinot, Virey, Latham, Smith, &c., into three; the old Egyptians and Kant, into four; Blumenbach, into five; Buffon, into six; Hunter, into seven; Agassiz, into eight; Pickering, into eleven; Bury St. Vincent, into fifteen; Desmoulins, into sixteen; Morton, into twenty-two; Fourier, into thirtytwo; and Luke Burke, into sixty-three. These differences, however, arise from the arbitrary nature of the classifications adopted, one considering as primary what another considers secondary, or tertiary, and one arranging by one or two traits, such as the hair, the facial angle, the color of the skin, or the form of the head, while others arrange according to many traits, anatomical, physiological, geogra phical, and intellectual.

A few specimens of these attempts at scientific distribution will show us at once the nature of their agreements and differences, and may not be valueless in other relations.

"CUVIER divides man into three stocks, Caucasian, Mongole or Altaic, and Negro; he refers the American to the Mongolian stock.

"FISCHER divides man into Homo Japeticus; H. Neptunianus; H. Scythicus (Mongols); H. Americanus (Patagonians); H. Columbicus (Americans); H. Ethiopicus; and H. Polynesius.

"LESSON divides man into the White Race; Dusky Race, including Hindoos, Caffrarians, Papuans, and Australians; Grange-colored Race, the Malay; Yellow Race, the Mongolian, Oceanic and South American; Red Race, the Caribs, and North Americans; and the Black Race.

"DUMERIL proposes the divisions, Caucasian, Hyperborean, Mongole, American, Malay, and Ethiopian.

"VIREY divides man into two species: the first, with facial angle of 85° to 90°, including the white race (Caucasian), the yellow race (Mongolian), and the coppercolored race (American); the second, with facial angle 75 to 820, including the dark brown race (Malay), the black race, and the blackish race (Hottentots and Papuas).

"DESMOULINS' sections are CeltoScyth-Arabs; Mongoles; Ethiopians; Euro-Africans; Austro-Africans; Malays; Papuas; Negro Oceanians; Australasians; Columbians and Americans.

"BORY DE ST. VINCENT makes fifteen divisions-races with straight hair, of

the Old World; viz., Homo Japeticus ;* H. Arabicus; H. Indicus; H. Scythicus (Tartars); H. Sinicus (Chinese); H. Hyperboreus; H. Neptunianus; II. Australasicus;-in the New World, H. Co- . lumbicus (North Americans); H. Americanus (South Americans); II. Patigonicus-negro races; II. Æthiopicus; II. Caffer; H. Melavinus (in Madagascar, Fiji Islands, Van Diemen's land); and H. Hottentottus.

"MR. MARTIN divides mankind into fire stocks, as follows:

"1. JAPETIC STOCK; including the European branch, or the Celtic, Pelasgic, Teutonic and Sclavonic nations; the Asiatic branch, or the Tartaric, Caucasic, Semitic (Arabs, Jews, &c.), and Sanscritic or Hindoo nations; and the African branch, or the Mizraimic (ancient Egyptians, Abyssinians, Berbers, and Guanches) nations.

"2. NEPTUNIAN STOCK; including the Malays proper, and the Polynesians; (including, perhaps, among the last, the founders of the Peruvian and Mexican Empires).

"3. MONGOLE STOCK, including Mongoles and Hyperboreans.

"4. PROGNATHOUS STOCK, including the Afro-Negro, Hottentot, Papuan, and Alfourou branches.

"5. OCCIDENTAL STOCK, including Columbians (North American Indians), South Americans, and Patagonians.

"DR. PICKERING† observes, in his first chapter, that, in the United States, three races of men are admitted to exist, and the same three races have been considered, by eminent naturalists (who, however, have not travelled), to comprise all the varieties of the human family.' He continues, 'I have seen in all cleven races of men; and though I am hardly prepared to fix a positive limit to their number, I confess, after having visited so many different parts of the globe, that I am at a loss where to look for others.' He enumerates them in the order of their complexion, beginning with the lightest.

A. WHITE. Including, 1. Arabian; with nose prominent, lips thin, beard abundant, and hair straight and flowing. 2. Abyssinian; with a complexion hardly becoming florid, nose prominent, and hair crisped.

"B. -BROWN. Including, 3. Mongolian; beardless, with perfectly straight

and very long hair. 4. Hottentot, with Negro features, and close woolly hair, and stature diminutive. 5. Malay; features not prominent in the profile; complexion darker than in preceding races, and hair straight and flowing.

"C. BLACKISH BROWN. Including, 6. Papuan; with features not prominent in the profile, the beard abundant, skin harsh to the touch, and the hair crisped or frizzled. 7. Negrillo; apparently beardless; stature diminutive, features approaching those of the Negro, and the hair woolly. 8. Indian or Telingan; with features approaching those of the Arabian, and the hair straight and flowing. 9. Ethiopian; with complexion and features intermediate between those of the Telingan and Negro, and the hair crisped.

"D. BLACK. Including, 10. Australian; with Negro features, but with straight or flowing hair. 11. Negro; with close woolly hair, nose much flattened, and lips very thick."

A more convenient distribution for the organic kingdoms than any other, we think, is into what may be called "Groups and Series," or groups of groups, and series of series, marking the groups by qualities which are the most general and simple, and ascending from these to qualities which are more complex and particular, for the successive series. But it will be important, in any effective method, to separate also in each group, and each series, several peculiar groups. 1st, the Capital or Head Groups; 2dly, the Transitional Groups, which connect the more regular groups; and 3dly, abnormal or exceptional groups, whose relations are not constant but accidental. Our space will not allow us to describe this arrangement at length, but we may illustrate it briefly, by referring to the usual distributions of an army. Supposing it to consist of, say twenty-four regiments, each subdivided into companies, platoons, &c., we shall have also ist, the General-in-Chief and his Staff, composed of the principal officers of each regiment, who are the Head or Type; 2d, the Aid-de-Camps, who are transitional between the Generals and the line, and the Commissariat, who are transitional between the line and external parties; and 3d, the musicians, suttlers, &c., who connected with the army, and yet having nothing to do with its chief function, of fighting, are only exceptional members. But these are suggestions by the way.

We have remarked the great diversity of human races, and the difficulty natu

ralists experience in their attempts to reduce them into a scientific order; but we have now to remark that the difficulty does not arise from frequent or arbitrary changes in the character of the races themselves. There is reason to believe that their leading types, their predominant qualities, have not changed, since the earliest recorded times. The precise distinctions which it is so easy to make now, between the Negroes, the Mongols, the Europeans, &c., prevailed four or five or six thousand years ago,—as far back, indeed, as the history of man extends, even up to those Adamic or Golden ages, which are known to us, if at all, only by vague tradition or the earliest revelation. We can trace by means of the older literature, by picture-writings, and by the monuments of Egypt particularly, fifteen or sixteen races, which we recognize as such at this day, to the common era of the deluge, and some of them to a period nearly a thousand years earlier. Adopting the shortest chronology of the Egyptologists, we shall still find in the pyramids, the heads and faces of Arabs, Canaanites, Nubians, Assyrians, Tartars, Hindoos, Thracians, Ionians, Lybians, Lydians, Abyssinians and Negroes, who were contemporaries with Solomon at least, and, if we adopt the longer chronology, contemporary some with Abraham and some with Noah, and some with the literal Adam. The Egyptians, as our readers are aware, from the very earliest time of which vestiges remain, viz., the third and fourth dynasties (the latter 3893 B. c. according to Lepsius), were accustomed to decorate their temples, royal and private tombs, &c., with paintings and sculptures of historical characters and events, and that voluminous, though interrupted series of such hieroglyphical monuments and papyri, are preserved to this day. These sculptures and paintings, says Dr. Nott, yield us innumerable portraits, not only of Egyptians themselves, but also of a vast nuinber of foreign people, with whom they held intercourse, through wars or commerce. They have portrayed their allies, their enemies, their captives, their servants and slaves; and we possess, therefore, faithful delineations of most, if not all, the African and Asiatic races, known to the Egyptians 3500 years ago,-races which are recognized as identical with those that occupy the same countries at the present time. Thus, to give a few illustrations, in the celebrated scene of the tomb of Setimeneptha I. commonly called Belzoni's tomb, which is referred

to the XIXth dynasty, 1500 в. c. (or, according to Poole, 1300 B. c.), we have a tableau which proves that the Egyptians had then already an ethnographic system, in which they had classified humanity, little of it as could have been known to them, into four distinct races, the Red, the Yellow, the Black and the White Races, with subordinate varieties, or individuals of different physiognomies. It represents the god Horus conducting sixteen personages, each four of whom are incontestably of a distinct type of mankind. The first group, called Ror, or the Race, par excellence, contains Egyptians; the second, called NAMU, or yellow, is an Asiatic group; the third, called Nusiu, or black, is Negro; and the fourth, called TAMHU, or white, is a group of what is generally terined Japhetic or Caucasian types. In portraits of the XVIIth Theban dynasty (1671 B. c. Lepsius), we have features of decided Grecian, Jewish Semitic, Nubian, and other types; and, from other monuments, Nott gives thirty varieties of Caucasians alone, whose epochs range between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries B. C.

From the XIIth dynasty (which closed 2124 B. C.), Lepsius gives numerous evidences of Egyptian-Caucasians, Asiatics, Negroes and other African groups. Among them is the famous group of "thirty-seven prisoners," by some supposed to represent the visit of Abraham to Egypt, or else the arrival of Jacob and his family, but by more recent explorers, identified as Arabians. Again, in the VIth dynasty' (2800 B. c.), we have distinct races portrayed, and as far back as the IVth dynasty, which Lepsius places 3400 B. C., we have Egyptians and Asiatics, in positions which show a previous existence of contending races. But for the wonderful accumulation of evidence on this head, we must refer our readers to the books. It is proper to add, that there is a dispute among learned and Christian scholars as to the true chronology of the Egyptian remains, which we do not enter into here, nor do we admire Mr. Gliddon's flippant and dogmatic method of disposing of the subject, because the point we seek to establish is not affected by it, viz., that certain of the human races have remained the same for four or five thousand years.

Yet as the geographical knowledge of the Egyptians must have been limited, probably to small parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe only, we have a right to infer that the nations unknown to them, but of whose existence we have other information, such as those of China, Australia, Northern and Western Asia, Europe and America, exhibited the same vast diversity, and have retained the same fundamental permanence of type.*

The same conclusion is largely confirmed by the numberless vases taken from the tombs of Etruria, by the pictorial delineations of the Chinese annals, by the antique sculptures of India, by the venerable ruins of Ninevah, and by the undated tablets of Peru, Yucatan and Mexico, in which, though found in localities, far removed from each other in space, and from us in time, the distinctive characteristics of human races, as Morton observes, are so accurately depicted as to enable us, for the most part, to distinguish them at a glance. The history of the Jews, who, for so many centuries scattered over the earth, yet retain the features of their remote ancestors, as well as of the Madjars in Hungary, the Basques in Spain, the Gypsies in nearly all nations, the Australians and the American Indians, are striking illustrations of national continuity, under opposing circumstances; and it is quite impossible to read the earlier records of any nations, or to listen to their traditions, without being impressed by the multitude and diversity of the tribes which are dimly discerned to figure in their earlier dawn. Wars and conquests are the staples of their annals, the wars of distinct and repellant tribes, and the conquest of neighboring but unfriendly provinces. The very twilight swarms with mazy races, as the beams of the morning waver with newly animated insects and motes. Take up the records and legends of any people, the history of Greece by Grote, the history of Rome by Niebuhr, the history of the Gauls, by Thierry, and how they run back, not to any single race from which they have descended, but to a multiplicity of races, until they are lost in the gathering darkness of myths. Indeed, as we ascend the stream of time,-a stream literally-it breaks into more and more numerous confluents, which again divide and re-divide, until the traces of

elk, goats, sheep, bulls, hares. squirrels, rats, &c.; to which are added southward, a few representatives of the tropical zone. "Wherever this zone is not modified by extensive and high table-lands and mountain chains, we may distinguish in it four secondary zones, approximating gradually to the character of the tropics, and presenting therefore a greater diversity in the types of its southern representation than we find among those of its northern boundaries. We have first, adjoining the arctics, a sub-arctic zone, with an almost uniform appearance in the old as well as the new world, in which pine forests prevail, the home of the moose; next, a cold temperate zone, in which amentaceous trees are combined with pines, the home of the fur animals; next, a warm temperate zone, in which the pines recede, whilst to the prevailing amentaceous trees a variety of evergreens are added, the chief seat of the culture of our fruit trees, and of the wheat; and a sub-tropical zone, in which a number of tropical forms are combined with those characteristic of the warm temperate zone. Yet there is throughout the whole of the temperate zone one feature prevailing; the repetition, under corresponding latitudes, but under different longitudes, of the same genera and families, represented in each botanical or zoological province by distinct co-called analogous or representative species, with a very few subordinate types, peculiar to each province; for it is not until we reach the tropical zone that we find distinct types prevailing in each fauna and flora. Again, owing to the inequalities of the surface, the secondary zones are more or less blended into one another, as, for instance, in the tablelands of Central Asia, and Western North America, where the whole temperate zone preserves the features of a cold temperate region; or the colder zones may appear like islands rising in the midst of the warmer ones, as the Pyrenees, the Alps, &c., the summits of which partake of the peculiarities of the arctic and sub-arctic zones, whilst the valleys at their base are characterized by the flora and fauna of the cold or warm temperate zones."

Considering the whole range of the temperate zone from east to west, Agassiz divides it, in accordance with the prevailing physical features into, 1st, an Asiatic realm embracing Mantchuria. China, Japan, Mongolia, and passing through Turkistan, into, 2d, the European realm, which includes Iran, as well as Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Northern Arabia, and Barbary, as well as Europe, properly

so called; the western parts of Asia, and the northern parts of Africa being intimately connected by their geological structure with the southern parts of Europe, and, 3d, the North American realm, which extends as far south as the tableland of Mexico.

"The temperate zone is not characterized, like the arctic. by one and the same fauna; it does not form, as the arctic does, one continuous zoological zone around the globe. Not only do the animals change from one hemisphere to another, but these differences exist even between various regions of the same hemisphere. The species belonging to the western countries of the old world are not identical with those of the eastern countries. It is true that they often resemble each other so closely, that until very recently they have been confounded. It has been reserved, however, for modern zoology and botany to detect these nice distinctions. For instance, the coniferæ of the old world, even within the sub-arctic zone, are not identical with those of America. Instead of the Norway and black pine, we have here the balsam and the white spruce; instead of the common fir, the Pinus rigida; instead of the European larch, the hacmatac, &c.; and farther south the differences are still more striking. In the temperate zone proper, the oaks, the beeches, the birches, the hornbeams, the hophornbeams, the chestnuts, the buttonwoods, the elms, the linden, the Inaples, and the walnuts, are represented in each continent by peculiar species differing more or less. Peculiar forms make here and there their appearance, such as the gum-trees, the tulip-trees, the magnolias. The evergreens are still more diversified, we need only mention the camelias of Japan, and the kalmias of America as examples. Among the tropical forms extending into the warm temperate zone, we notice particularly the palmetto in the Southern United States, and the dwarf chamærops of southern Europe. The animal kingdom presents the same features. In Europe we have, for instance, the brown bear; in North America, the black bear; in Asia, the bear of Tubet: the European stag, and the European deer, are represented in North America by the Canadian stag, or wapiti, and the American deer; and in eastern Asia, by the musk-deer. Instead of the mouflon, North America has the big-horn or mountain sheep, and Asia the argali. The North American buffalo is represented in Europe by the wild auerochs of Lithuania, and in Mongolia by the yak; the