specially to designate the canal or aqueduct by which the water was supplied to the reservoirs of Jerusalem, 2 Kings xviii. 17; xx. 20; Isai. vii. 3; xxxvi. 2. See also Job xxxviii. 25: and, referring to irrigation, Ezek. xxxi. 4. LXX, úðpaywyós, but once púσis, and in 1 Kings

xviii. @áλaoσa, probably a corruption of aaλa, a literal transference of the word.

[all]

§ 42.

JOOVAL,, JAVAL,, or OOVAL, b, and b, flood stream,'

or full river' from 2, to flow tumultuously.

Used in the poetical books only: as follows,

Isai. xxx. 25, "streams."

Isai. xliv. 4, "[water] courses," πapaßßéov.

Jer. xvii. 8, " the river," ènì ikμáda.

Dan. viii. 2, 3, 6, "the river" (of Ulai), ènì roû Ovßáx.

[all]

§ 43.

APHIK, PE, from E, to be strong, is used throughout the poetical parts of Scripture in the general sense of any rush of water. Amongst other places it occurs in Ps. xlii. 1; Job vi. 15 ("stream"); Cant. v. 12; Isai. viii. 7; Ezek. vi. 3; xxxi. 12; and Joel i. 20: being translated "stream," "channel," "brook," and "river."

Other words occurring in the Poetry of the Bible for streams or torrents are the following:—

ZEREM,

§ § 44, 45, 46.

Used both for a violent storm of rain, and for the "floods," (compare Matt. vii. 27) occasioned by it. Thus, amongst others, Job xxiv. 8, "showers; " Isai. xxv. 4, "storm;" xxviii. 2, "tempest " and "flood;" Hab. iii. 10, "overflowing."

NAZAL, 7. Used with reference both to the sea-Exod. xv. 8, "floods" --and to fresh water, Ps. lxxviii. 16, "streams; " Prov. v. 15, "running waters."

SHIBBOLETH,. This is the word, the pronunciation of which was used to test the fugitive Ephraimites, in Judg. xii. 6. It occurs in reference to water, in Ps. lxix. 12, 15, "flood," and with Nahar, in Isai. xxvii. 12, "channel."

ESHED, T, Plur. Ashdoth,

§ 47.

is, from T, to break forth the bursting forth of the streams from the roots of the mountains, and hence used for the mountains themselves. The sense is fixed by the poetical passage, Numb. xxi. 15, the pouring forth' of the torrents.' In Josh. x. 50; xii. 8, it is used in a general sense, but it is usually joined with Pisgah-" Ashdoth-pisgah "—viz. for the roots of the mountains east of the Jordan. See Deut. iii. 17; iv. 49; Josh. xii. 3; xiii. 20. 'Aondwe τὴν φασγά, and τὴν λαξευτήν. [all]

Benjamin of Tudela makes Ashdoth-Pisgah to be the falls of the Jordan at its exit from the Lake of Gennesareth, and interprets the word to mean "the place where the rapid rivers have their fall." (See Early Travellers, p. 88.)

$48.

MABBOOL,, The Flood': from the same root as Jooval (§ 42); used (generally with the definite article) for the great Deluge; except in Ps. xxix. 10, where it signifies the accumulation of waters in the sky.

§ 49.

SHETEPH. The word "flood" has also been used in the A. V. for from, to overflow. It is not used definitely, and occurs only in the following passages from the poetical books: Job xxxviii. 25; Ps. xxxii. 6; Prov. xxvii. 4; Dan. ix. 26; xi. 22; Nah. i. 8.

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IV. SPRINGS, WELLS, AND PITS.

§ 50.

AIN, 7, a spring'-properly an eye: the spring in an Eastern country being the eye of the Landscape-and thus used for a natural burst of living water, as distinguished from Beer (§ 56), a Well, i.e. water arrived at by digging. The word was common to all the oriental tongues, and still continues in Arabic. En-gedi,-—the spring of the kid, now AinJidy, -on the western shore of the Dead Sea, is a good instance of the object intended.

The importance of distinguishing between this word and Beer is illustrated by Exod. xv. 27, in which the word Ainoth (translated by

"Wells,") is used for the springs of fresh water at Elim;—although the rocky soil of that place excludes the supposition of dug wells. In the parallel passage, Numb. xxxiii. 9, the word is rendered-with equal inaccuracy to English ears-" fountains."

The names of a large number of towns and places in Palestine are formed or compounded of Ain (En), as is natural from the importance of living springs in the East. These are as follow:

: הָעַיִן,Ain .1

=

the spring. Numb. xxxiv. 11; one of the land-marks on the north-east border of Palestine. The Vulgate renders contra fontem Daphnin ; i.e., the spring of Jordan at Dan, which was called Daphne; (Joseph. Ant. I, x. 1). But, if Mr. Porter's position of Riblah is correct, it will follow that Ain must be sought in the plain of Cole-Syria (El Bekâa), and if so it is probably the great Spring which forms the source of the Orontes. (Porter's Damascus, ii. 335). The rendering of the LXX is ènì anyás.

2. Ain, one of the southernmost cities of Judah and Simeon; Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; xxi. 16; 1 Chron. iv. 32. LXX, 'Epeμuwv. Possibly this is Enrimmon.

3. Enam, the two springs;' in the Shephelah, Josh. xv. 34. If the LXX rendering #pds тaîs wúλais Aivav, of the words "in an open place," (see margin), in Gen. xxxviii. 14, 21, be correct, this spot is probably intended, Timnath being a Philistine city, also in the Shephelah. (Zunz: an den Eingang der Doppelquelle. De Wette: ins Thor von Enaim.) Comp. Judg. xiii. 25, and xiv. 1, with Josh. xv. 33, 34.

4. En-dor, the 'spring of Dor'; Josh. xvii. 11; 1 Sam. xxviii. 7; Ps. lxxxiii. 10. LXX, Αενδωρ.

5. En-eglaim, the 'spring of the two calves,' on the shore of the Dead Sea; Ezek. xlvii. 10. LXX, 'Evayaλλeíμ.

6. En-gannim, 'the spring of gardens;' a town in the Shephelah; Josh. xv. 34. En-gannim, a Gershonite town in Issachar; Josh. xix. 21; xxi. 29. LXX, haμμáτν. The modern Jenin, see Chap. IX. p. 342.

8. En-gedi, 'spring of the kid ;' Josh. xv. 62; 1 Sam. 23, 29; xxiv. 1; 2 Chron. xx. 2; Ezek. xlvii. 10; Cant. i. 14; Eccles. xxiv. 14 (Engaddi). LXX, 'Aykadŋs, 'Ivyadelv, 'Eyyaddı, èv aiyaλoîs. See Chap. VII. p. 289.

9. En-haddah, the 'strong spring;' Josh. xix. 21. LXX, Aiuapèk.

10. En-hak-Kore, the spring of the crier;' wŋyǹ Toû énikaλovμérov. XV. 19.

11. En-hazor (Chatzor); Josh. xix. 37; LXX, #nyn 'Aσop.

Judg.

12. En-mishpat, 'spring of judgment;' "which is Kadesh." Gen. xiv. 7. LXX, πηγὴ τῆς κρίσεως.

13. En-rimmon, spring of pomegranates; Neh. xi. 29; unless this is formed by a combination of the names of two separate places, Ain and Rimmon; (see Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32.)

14. En-rogel,spring of the foot'; possibly from fullers treading it with their feet (Targum); possibly from its waters being drawn up by a machine worked with the foot (Deut. xi. 10). Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 16; 2 Sam. xvii. 17; 1 Kin. i. 9. LXX, wnyǹ 'Pwynλ. This is generally identified with Bir-ayoub, and if correctly so, is an instance of Beer and Ain used indiscriminately; but there is a spring near, which may be En-rogel. (De Sauley, ii. 306.)

15. En-shemesh, spring of the sun;' Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 17; LXX, ʼn anyǹ Toû ἡλίου-π. Βαιθσαμυς. Vulg., ad En-semes, id est, Fontem Solis.

16. En-tappuah, 'spring of apple-trees'-near the town of that name; Josh. xvii. 7. There were also:

17. The spring in Jezreel," "a fountain which [is] in Jezreel," 1 Sam. xxix. 1, possibly the same as,

Judg. vii. 1.

18. "The Well of Harod." Ain-charod-the 'spring of trembling.' 19. "The Dragon Well." Ain tannim-the 'spring of dragons.' Neh. ii. 13. 20. "The spring' of water in the wilderness-the spring' in the way to Shur." Gen. xvi. 7.

21. Hazar-enan, i. e., village of springs,' Numb. xxxiv. 9, 10 (see § 83). 22. In the New Testament the word appears as Enon, (i. e., 'springs') to Salim," John iii. 23; 'Aváv.

near

When applied to water, the word Ain is translated in the authorised version "well," with the following exceptions, in which it is rendered "fountain."

Gen. xvi. 7; Numb. xxxiii. 9; (comp. Exod. xv. 27 "wells;") Deut. viii. 7; xxxiii. 28; 1 Sam. xxix. 1; 2 Chron. xxxii. 3; Neh. ii. 14; iii. 15; xii. 37; Prov. viii. 28.

§ 51.

MA'AN, 1, a collection of springs,' or place watered by springs: from 12, a spring. Topographically used, the word occurs in

Gen. vii. 11; viii. 2; Lev. xi. 36; Ps. lxxiv. 15; exiv. 8; Prov. v. 16; viii. 24; xxv. 26; Cant. iv. 12, 15; Isai. xli. 18; Hos. xiii. 15; Joel, iii. 18, all rendered "fountain." Ps. lxxxiv. 6; Isai. xii. 3, "well; and Ps. lxxxvii. 7; civ. 10, "springs."

§ 52.

[all]

MOTZA-MAIM, -i, outgoing of waters, a 'Springhead:' from s

to go forth.

Used 2 Kings ii. 21

2 Chron. xxxii. 30 (of the spring of Gihon)

Also in Ps. cvii. 33, 35

Isai. xli. 18 (contrasted with Agam § 57); Iviii. 11

ή διέξοδος. ἡ ἔξοδος.

watersprings" (omitted). spring" ὑδραγωγός. [all]

One of the cities of Benjamin is called Ham-Motzah, the springhead;" Josh. xviii. 27. It is in accordance with this derivation that the Talmud commemorates it as the place at which the inhabitants of Jerusalem were accustomed to seek the osiers used in the feast of Tabernacles.Reland, p. 903. In the authorised version the article as usual is omitted, and the name appears as "Mozah."

§ 53.

MAKOR,, wellspring:' from p, to dig for water (2 Kings xix. 24), a word used only in the poetical and rubrical books, and variously rendered by spring, fountain, well, well-spring and issue. See Jer. li. 36; Ps. xxxvi. 9; Prov. x. 11; xvi. 22; Lev. xii. 7, &c. &c.

$ 54.

GULLOTH, ba, bubblings: from 2, to tumble or roll over, perhaps in allusion to the globular form in which springs bubble up. Used only to designate the two springs given by Caleb to his daughter Achsah. Josh. xv. 19; Judg. i. 15. LXX, Josh. dós μoi тhy Boтbavis, kai édwkev αὐτῇ τὴν Γοναιθλὰν τὴν ἄνω καὶ τὴν Γ. τὴν κάτω: Judg. λύτρωσιν μετεώρων καὶ λ. ταπεινῶν. Symm. ἀρδείαν.

The word occurs in the shorter form of

GAL, 2, (strictly 'heap',') in Cant. iv. 12 (“spring "), and also in Ps. xlii. 7; cvi. 25; Isai. xlviii. 18; Jonah ii. 3, and elsewhere, for the "billows" or "waves " of the sea.

Possibly Gallim (1 Sam. xxv. 44; Isai. x. 30) derived its name from the neighbourhood of such bubbling springs.

The word commonly used for a "heap" of water, as in Exod. xv. 8; and Ps. lxxviii. 13, is Ned (1). See Chap. VII. p. 302, note.

§ 55.

MABBOOA, Y, 'a gushing spring'; from v2, to gush forth. See Isaiah xxxv. 7; xlix. 10 ("springs "), and Eccl. xii. 6 ("fountain"). LXX, πηγή.

§ 56.

B'ER,, from wa, to dig, (the same root as forare, and bore): 'a well,' that is, a dug pit, usually with water at the bottom. The meaning of the word is fixed by the numerous vestiges of such wells still remaining and bearing their ancient names. They have a broad margin of masonry round the mouth, and often a stone filling up the orifice. See Chap. II. p. 145.

The following are the Beers named in the Bible:

1. Beer-lahai-roi,
XXV. 11.

the well of the vision of life,' Gen. xvi. 14; xxiv. 62;

2. Beer-sheba, the well of swearing,' according to Gen. xxi. 31, and xxvi. 33; or according to De Wette, the well of seven.' (Comp. xxi. 29, 30: Sheba seven.)

1 Compare the expression in old English poetry; "the heaped spring"; "the heaped water."