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have given umbrage to the tyrant, and have been dangerous to the author. The learned, who had been invited to Rome by an Auguftus, a Vefpafian, an Antoninus, and a Trajan, were banished by a Nero, a Caligula, a Domitian, and a Caracalla; the philofophers were driven away, and the fciences profcribed. These tyrants, fays Tacitus, endeavoured to obliterate whatever had the marks of genius and virtue.

By thus keeping the mind in the perpetual tremors of fear, tyranny debafes it to her purposes; it is the who, in the Ealt, has invented thofe cruel tortures and punishments practifed there; punishments sometimes neceffary in those deteftable countries, because the people are invited to commit crimes, not only by their mifery, but also by the example of the Sultan, who teaches them to defpife justice.

Thefe are both the motives on which the love of defpotic authority is founded, and the means employed to arrive at it. Thus foolishly in love with arbitrary power, Kings inconfiderately throw themselves into a road interrupted by a thousand precipices, down which a thousand tyrants have fallen. Let us here venture, for the good of human nature, and that of Sovereigns, to lend them fome light, and to fhew them the dangers to which, under fuch a government, they and their people are expofed. Let them from henceforward keep far from them evezy perfidious counsel, that infpires them with the defire of arbitrary power; and let them at length know, that the ftrongest and most makerly treatise against tyranny would be a treatise on the happiness and preservation of Kings.

But, it is faid, who can conceal this truth from them? Why do not they compare the small number of Princes banished from England, with the prodigious number of Greek and Turkish Emperors. murdered on the throne of Conftantinople? If the Sultans, I reply, are not deterred by thefe terrible examples, it is from their not having this picture habitually present to their minds; it is from their being continually prompted to defpotifm, by the wretches who would share with them the arbitrary power; and because most of the eastern Princes, being governed by the will of a Vifier, yield, through weakness, to his defres, and are not fufficiently informed of their injuftice, by the noble refiftance of their fubjects.

The entrance into defpotifm is easy : The people seldom foresee the evils a confirmed tyranny prepares for them; and, if they at laft perceive it, it is not till they Link under the yoke, are changed on all fides,

and, being unable to defend themselves, only wait trembling for the punishment to which they must be condemned.

Imboldened by the weakness of the people, the Princes become defpotic tyrants: They do not know, that they themselves fufpend over their heads the fword that is to give them the mortal blow; that, to abrogate all law, and reduce every thing to arbitrary power, they must perpetually have recourfe to force, and often employ the foldier's fword. Now, the habitual custom of making use of such methods either provokes the citizens to revolt, and invites them to revenge, or infenfibly accuftoms them to know no other justice than force.

Though a long time be required to spread fuch an idea among the people, it forces its way at last, and reaches even to the foldiers, who, at length perceiving that no collective body in the state is capable of refifting them, and that the Prince, odious to his fubjects, owes all his power to them, their fouls are open to the most audacious projects, and they long to better their condition. If then a bold and courageous man flatters them with the hope of plundering fome great cities, fuck a man, as all history proves, is fufficient to caufe a revolution; a revolution that is always fpeedily followed by a fecond; fince, in defpotic states, as the illustrious President de Montefquieu obferves, the tyrants are often affaffinated, without destroying the tyranny. When once the foldiers know their ftrength, it is impoffible to keep them within just bounds. I could cite, on this occafion, all the Roman Emperors profcribed by the Pretorian bands, for resolving to free the country from the tyranny of the foldiers, and to re-establish the ancient difcipline of the army.

The defpotic tyrant then, in order to command flaves, is forced, in his turn, to obey his ever turbulent and imperious troops. But the cafe is very different, when the Prince has created in the ftate a powerful body of Magiftrates, by whom the people being judged, obtain ideas of justice and equity; the foldiers, being always taken out of the body of the citizens, preserved in their new, ftate fome idea of juftice; befides, they are fenfible that the intire body of the citizens, called together by the Prince and the Magiftrates, under the standard of the laws, would oppofe any bold attempt; and, let the valour of the army be ever so great, it muft at length be overpowered by numbers. Hence the foldiers are kept within the bounds of duty, by fentiments of justice and fear.

A powerful body of Magiftrates is then neceffary to the fafety of Kings: It is a

buckler,

buckler, behind which both the Prince and people are sheltered; the one from the madnefs of fedition, and the other from the cruelties of tyranny.

The Khalif Aaron Al Rafchid, reflecting on this fubject, in order to preferve himfelf from the dangers, which on all fides furround defpotic Princes, one day afked his brother, the celebrated Beloulh, what advice he could give him on the manner of reigning well? Make thy will, faid he, conformable to the laws, and not the laws to thy will: Reflect, that men withont merit are always craving, and that great men are fo modeft that they feldom ask; refuse then the requests of the one, and prevent thofe of the other: Load not thy people with taxes too burthenfome; and recollect, on this fubject, the advice which King Nouchirvon the Juft gave to his fon Ormous: "My fon, faid he, no-body will be happy in thine empire, if thou thinkeft only of pleasure. When thou art reclined on thy pillow, and ready to taste the sweets of fleep,. remember those whom oppreffion keeps a wake; when a splendid repast shall be ferved up before thee, think on thofe who languifh in mifery; when thou rambleft through the delightful groves of thine harem, remember that there are thofe who are unfortunate, and whom tyranny keeps in irons." I fhall only add one word more, faid Beloulh; receive into thy favour men eminent in the sciences, and conduct thyself by their advice, in order that monarchy may be obedient to the written law, and not the law to monarchy.

Themiftius, being commiffioned by the Senate to harangue Jovianus, on his advancement to the throne, made nearly the fame difcourfe to that Emperor : Remember, faid he, that, though the army has raised thee to the empire, thou must learn from the philofophers the art of governing; the first has given thee the purple of the Cæfars; but the latter will teach thee how to wear it worthily.'

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Even among the ancient Perfians, the moft abject and daftardly of all people, the philofophers, who inaugurated the Princes, were allowed to repeat these words to them, at their coronation: Know, O King, that thine authority fhall cease to be lawful, on the very day that thou ceasest to render the Perfians happy.' A truth, of which Trajan appears to be fully fenfible, when, being railed to the throne, and prefenting the fword, as ufual, to the Præfectus Prætorio, he said, Receive from me this fword, and make use of it under my reign, either to defend in me a juft, Prince, or to punish in me a tyrant."

Whoever, under pretence of fupporting the authority of his Sovereign, would ftretch it to an arbitrary power, is at the fame time a bad father, a bad citizen, and a bad fubject: A bad father, and a bad citizen, because he would load his pofterity and his country with the chains of flavery; and a bad fubject, because, by changing a lawful for an arbitrary authority, he is fummoning up ambition and despair against the King. I call to witness the thrones of the Eaft, fo often ftained with the blood of their Sovereigns. If the Sultans well underfood their own intereft, it would never permit them either to wish for fuch a power, or in this respect to yield to the defires of their Vifiers. Kings ought to be deaf to fuch advice, and to recollect that their highest intereft requires, if I may fo express myfelf, that they should fet a proper value on their kingdom, in order that it may be enjoyed by them and their posterity. This true interest can only be understood by intelligent Princes; in others, the contemptible glory they propose to themselves, by commanding abfolutely, and the love of indolence, which conceals from them the dangers with which they are furrounded, will always prevent their engaging in more noble purfuits; hence all governments perpetually tend towards defpotic power.

The Political State of EUROPE, &c.
Journal of the War in Germany. From the GAZETTE.
HE campaign being now opened on all

Tfides, the horrors of war begin to rage in

April, with about 3000 men, most of them horfe, The garrifon of New Stettin, which confifted only of 150 provincial huffars, and an independent company of 300 men, fallied out, and met the enemy at the gates of the town.

moft parts of the Germanic empire. A fmall detachment of Pruffian troops that occupied New Stettin, having received advice the 31st of March, that 400 coffacs had entered the village of Soltenitz, Captain Hohendorff, who commands in New Stettin, marched against them with 120 provincial huffars, attacked, defeated, and purfued them into Poland. The Pruffians had only one · Officer and three huffars wounded. The Ruffans, to repair this lofs, returned on the 7th of them to retire in confufion after a combat of

I

The huffars, not able to make head against fo great a force, fell back behind the foot, who made fo brifk and conftant a fire from their fmall arms, and four pieces of cannon, which they carried with them, that they not only repulfed all the attacks of the Ruffians, but forced

five

five hours. They fled into Poland, and broke down the bridge of the river Kuddo, to fave themselves from being purfued. The lofs of the Pruffians were nine killed and 34 wounded; a fmall lofs, had not Captain Wuffow, who commanded the foot, been among the number of the flain. The lofs of the Ruffians by the Pruffian cannon must have been much greater; but no exact estimate can be made of the number of their killed and wounded, as they carried them off in 30 waggons. In their retreat they pillag. ed the villages of Kuddo and Elfeno, the latter of which is in the territories of Poland.

On the 12th April, his Pruffian Majefty marched from Bolkenkayn, and fixed his head quarters at Landshut, in the mountains of Silefia; the troops that were behind had orders likewife to advance, and are cantoned in the villages in the mountains along this frontier.

The 15th, an out-guard of huffars was attacked by 300 Auftrian cavalry. The Officer that commanded the Pruffian party retired to Libau, with the lofs only of one man made prifoner. The right of the Auftrian army is at Braunau, and the left extends to Gabel.

The 21ft, a chaffeur arrived at Landshut from General Fouquet, with accounts that he had taken Sacqrendorff and Troppau, in which laft place he made the garrison prisoners of war, confifting of two hundred and twenty men, and five Officers; the Auftrians having withdrawn their troops, and retired into Moravia,

The fame General, having found it impracticable to deftroy the Auftrian magazine at Hoff in Moravia, retired to his former ftation at Leobfchutz, in order to cover Neiffe, and the country about it, after having made in that expedition 260 prifoners, with the lofs only of two men. The King of Pruffia went in perfon from Landshut early in the morning of the 29th, and arrived at Neifs that day. General de la Ville was pofted on the heights behind Neustadt, and decamped that evening, and placed himself behind Ziegenmals and Zugmantel. His Pruffian Majefty joined General Fouquet the next day, the 30th, at Deutfch-Kamitz, and marched the day after towards the enemy, who had decamped at two in the morning; fo that that expedition ended in an affair of the rear-guard, and, nothing farther having been attempted on the fide of Moravia, his Majesty returned back to Landshut.

Nothing material has fince happened. The Auftrian army remains very quiet in Bohemia. Marshal Daun changes his quarters, from time to time, to Gitschin, Konigshoff, and Jaromirs.

The main body of the Pruffian army continues in their quarters of cantonment. But on the gth inftant, a small camp of five battalions (commanded by Major-general Rebentish) was formed upon a hill between Landshut and Liebau, which ferves to cover Landshut, and at the fame time to protect the advanced poft of Liebau.

The recruits, for compleating the regiments, are all arrived in Silefia, and expected to join their respective corps forthwith.

Affairs being in this fituation, with regard to the King, his brother Prince Henry's operations

have not, in the mean time, 'been uninterestin in his department. The greateft part of the Auftrian troops, which were upon the borders of Saxony, having marched towards the fron tiers of Silefia and the Empire, his Royal Highnefs formed a design of driving fuch of them as ftill remained in Bohemia beyond the Eger, and feizing the magazines which the enemy had upon the Elbe, and in their late quarters: Accord ingly the Pruffians entered Bohemia the 15th of April; one column marched towards Peterswalde, and another, under the command of General Hulfen, towards Pafsberg and Commot tau. The van-guard of that which marched to Peterfwalde found the eminence behind the vil lage fortified by a redoubt, before which a confiderable number of felled trees were laid, defended by 600 Croats, and fome Hungarian infantry: This pass was forced, and, upon that occafion, a Major and about 30 men were made prisoners, and 15 of the enemy were left dead upon the fpot. The time, neceffary for clearing a way for the paffage of the troops, facilitated the enemy's retreat and gave the alarm to their quarters. The van-guard divided into two bodies, one of which marched to Auffig, and the other to Toplitz; but the enemy retired, on all fides, with the utmost precipitation. The magazine at Auffig was deftroyed, and all the boats on the Elbe were burnt. The van-guard joined again on the 16th at Wellmina. All the meal and forage which the enemy abandoned at Loboschutz and Leitmeritz were feized, and all the boats and the bridge, which the Auftrians had lately built there, were burnt. The vanguard is to be this day at Budin, where the enemy has another magazine of provifion. General Hulfen, on his part, found the pass of Pafsberg defended by a body of Croats, and by the regi ments of Konigseck and Andlau. The cavalry, which passed through Presnitz, attacked the enemy in the rear, at the fame time that they were attacked by the infantry, who drove the Auftrians out of all their intrenchments. General Renard, with 51 Officers and 2000 men, were made prisoners. Three pair of colours, two ftandards, and three pieces of cannon were taken. The Pruffians loft only 70 men killed and wounded in the attack of Paffberg.

The army under the command of this Prince was, foon after this fuccessful expedition, in mo→ tion to enter Franconia by Hoff on the 7th of May, in order to act against the army of the Empire, commanded by the Prince of Deux-Ponts, who had drawn the greateft part of his force towards Culmbach. Accordingly, his Royal Highnefs entered Franconia the fame day by Hoff, and marched towards Monchfberg: So that the news expected from that quarter is likely to be very interefting.

On the other hand the allied army under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunfwic began, the 15th of April, to march from Windeken, their wounded having been firft removed from thence to Budingen, and reached no farther that day than Marienborn, where they remained the 16th. The 17th the army proceeded to Bingenheim, the 18th to Grimbergen, the 19th

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to Alsfeld, where it continued till the 23d, when it marched from thence to Ziegenhayn. The French under M. de Broglio never flirred from their intrenchments, while there was any apprehenfion of the allies being within diftance to return against them. On the 18th M. de Blaiffel's light troops attacked the Allies rear-guard, but were repulfed. The day following, an Officer, who was carrying orders to a battalion of grenadiers, and two squadrons of the regiment of Finckenftein, for that day's march, was unfortunately taken; by which accident the detachment did not begin their march in time, and, not following the proper route, were furrounded by the enemy between Munfter and Queckeborn. The grenadiers either drove off the enemy, or kept them at such a distance, as to be able to rejoin the army without any lofs but that of their baggage, which was taken; but the dragoons were either difperfed or made prifoners of war.

Whilft Prince Henry of Pruffia's army was marching to Franconia, a large detachment from Prince Ferdinand's army arrived on the 4th of May, within a forced march of Bamberg, in order to caufe a confiderable diverfion. The French upon the Mein have attempted nothing fince the affar of Bergen, and are ftill in quarters of cantonment; but it is expected they will encamp in the course of this month. Marfhal Contades has fixed his head quarters at Duffeldorp. Their largeft camp upon the Rhine is to be in that neighbourhood: Several others are marking out from Rees up to Cologne.

The allied army about Munster is ftill in cantonment, and that of Prince Ferdinand of Brunfwic remains at Ziegenhayn. The detachment he has fent into Franconia was to be at the gates of Bamberg the 12th.

The 8th Prince Henry of Pruffia with 10,000 men, attacked General Maguire near Hoff, who was pofted there with eight battalions and fome cavalry; and his Serene Highness forced him, after fome refiftance, to retire. Upon this occafion, one battalion of Marfchal, one of Salm, and the battalion of Dramftadt grenadiers, fuffered confiderably, and General Maguire it is fuppofed, has loft 270 men. The Prince of Salm is taken prifoner, and three other officers are either killed or taken. General Maguire retired by Afch towards Egra. During this time General Haddick quitted his camp near Munchfberg, where he had intrenched himself, and marched in the night, between the 9th and 10th, to Culmbach, where he arrived on the roth in the morning. When all the troops of this corps of the army were arrived in that camp, orders were immediately given for fending away the baggage, which filed off towards Bamberg. Towards the evening, the army decamped, and marched about a German mile and an half beyond Culmbach, to Gaffmansdorff; the rear-guard under the orders of General Palfi remaining at Culmbach. Prince Henry's army was on the 10th near Murichberg, and himself in the town. His Royal Highness marched the 11th into the neighbourhood of Bareith; and his quarters were that night at Himmelcron, a village about a German mile from thence, Lieutenant-general Platen, of the

Pruffians, attacked, in the afternoon of the 11th, the regiments of Croneck, and the Palatine dragoons, under the command of General Riedefel, which after a good deal of refiftance, were both made prifoners of war. 'Tis affirmed, that the combined army of the Empire and Imperialis was drawing towards Nuremberg. Crenach was cannonaded the 14th by the Pruffians, but had not then furrendered.

Prince Ferdinand arrived at Lipftadt the 18th, with the greatest part of the troops from the left. General Imhoff commands those that remain in the coun'ry of Heffe Caffel.

Lieutenant-general Hardenburgh is marched to Ham, and has taken poft there with the fame battalions and fquadrons he had under his command at Lipftadt. Orders are daily expected for the march of the army in these parts, to join his Serene Highness.

The enemy has been in motion for fome days from Duffeldorp.

Farther Particulars from the GAZETTE.

Admiralty-office, May 1.

Extract of a Letter from Captain Faulkner, of his Majesty's Ship Windfor, of 60 guns, to Mr. Clevland, dated at Lisbon, April 8. The 27th paft we difcovered four large fhips to leeward; on giving them chafe, they drew into a line of battle ahead, at the diftance of about a cable's length afunder, and remained in that fituation till we had engaged the fternmost fhip near an hour, when the three head most made all the fail they could from us; on feeing which, the fhip we were engaged with ftruck her colours. She proved to be Le Duc de Chartres, pierced for 60 guns, had 24 French twelve pounders mounted, and 294 men, 28 of which were killed, and 18 wounded. The Windfor had in this action one man killed, and fix wounded. The prifoners inform me, the lading of Le Duc de Chartres confifts of 60 tons of gunpowder, 150 tons of cordage, flour, fail-cloth, wines, &c.

The other three fhips that run off were, Le Maffac, pierced for 70 guns, had 26 twelve pounders mounted, and 300 men; the EaftIndia Company, pierced for 54 guns, had 24 twelve pounders mounted, and 274 men; and the St. Luke, pierced for 24 guns, had 18 twelve pounders mounted, and 200 men: They all belonged to the French Eaft-India company, failed from Port l'Orient the 22d of March, and were bound to Pondicherry.

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leagues, I faw two fail coming round the Bill, and from their appearance fuppofed them to be two French privateers; I tacked and made fail after them, and in a very fhort time brought one of them to, which proved to be Le Chaffeur privateer from Dunkirk, of fix carriage guns, four of which they had thrown over board, and 41 hands in all. I fhifted the prifoners as faft as poffible, and then gave chafe to the other fail, and at 7 o'clock in the evening brought her to, and found her to be Le Conquerant privateer from Cherburg, mounting 6 carriage and 10 fwivel guns, with 29 hands in all. After having fhifted the prifoners, it blowing ftrong eafterly, I bore up for Plymouth, and got in fafe to the Sound, with the two privateers, the next morning.

Lord Chamberlain's Office, May 5. Orders for the Court's further change of mourning, on Sunday the 13th inftant, for her late Royal Highnefs the Princefs Dowager of Orange, viz.

The Ladies to wear black filk or velvet, coloured ribbons, fans, and tippets :

The men to continue in black full trimmed and to wear coloured fwords and buckles.

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May 12.

Admiralty-office, May rr.

His Majefty's fhip Brilliant, commanded by Captain Hyde Parker, has brought into Plymouth a French privateer, called the Bafque, belonging to Bayonne, of 22 nine pounders, and 210 men, which fhe took the 17th of laft month, in the latitude of 46. 00. about 200 leagues to the weftward of Cape Clear.

And by letters of the 28th of February, from Vice-admiral Cotes at Jamaica, there is an account that his Majefty's fhip Seaford has taken a French privateer of 10 guns, with 100 men; and the Dreadnought another small one,

May 15.

Conftantinople, April 3. The illuminations and rejoicings for the birth of a Princess, who was named Ibetula, or Given of God, which were limited to feven nights, were prolonged, by the Grand Seignior's orders, to ten. The fourth day the Sultan rode through Pera with great pomp, to vifit the Seraglio of his Pages. During these rejoicings, the greatest order was preferved in all parts of the city, which may be attributed to the ftrict prohibition against felling wine, or fpirituous liquors. The Raias, or Chrif tian fubjects, indulged themselves in all kinds of diverfions, without any manner of restraint; and the whole terminated with three nights fireworks, exhibited on the canal before the Seraglio. It is confideatly faid, that two other Sultanas are pregnant.

Admiralty-office, May 14.

His Majefty's fhip the Surprife, commanded by Captain Antrobus, on the 17th of laft month, in lat. 48.00. north long. 20.36 W. chaced and took the Le Vieux, a French privateer of Bourdeaux, mounting 8 guns, with 36 men, May 19.

Admiralty Office, May 17.

Captain Knight, of his Majefty's fhip Liver poole, has taken and brought into Yarmouth roads, a French privateer cutter of 8 carriage guns, 6 fwivels, and 52 men, from Dunkirk.

May 26.

Extract of a Letter from Captain Lockhart, of his Majesty's Ship the Chatham, of 50 Guns, to Mr. Clevland, dated May 20, 1759, off Ufhant.

Since mine of the 17th, I have cruifed in company with his Majefty's fhip the Thames, of 32 guns, commanded by Captain Colby, and the Venus, of 36 guns, commanded by Captain Harrifon. On the 18th in the morning, being in Hodierne Bay, we faw a French frigates and, after two hours chace, the carried her top-mafts away. Soon after the Thames came up and gave her a close and brisk fire; but he did not strike till the Venus raked her, and gave her fome broadfides. She proves to be the Arethufa frigate, commanded by the Marquis Vaudreul, pierced for 36 guns, 32 mounted, and 270 men, from Rochefort for Breft; has been launched about two years, and is esteemed the best failing frigate in France. She had 60 men killed and wounded. Captain Colby had 4 men killed and 11 wounded, 3 of which are fince dead. Captain Harrison had 5 men wounded.

From other Papers. May 3.

Exeter, April 26. Yesterday were executed Charles Darras, Lewis Bourdecq, Fleurant Termineu, Pierre Pitroll, and Pierre Lagnal, five Frenchmen, for the murder of Jean Manaux, their countryman and fellow-prifaner, on board the Royal Oak man of war. The provocation Manaux gave them, was his discovering to the Agent their forgery of paffes, to facilitate their efcape to France. On the 25th of January laft, when they were ordered down to their lodgingplaces, Darras, with a boatswain's whistle, calling the other French prifoners, dragged Manaux to a part of the fhip diftant from the centry, and, after ftripping him, tied him to a ring-bolt with fmall cord, then gagged him, and, with the others, gave him about 60 ftrokes with an iron thimble, about as big as a man's wrift, tied to the end of a rope. Manaux, by ftruggling, got loofe, and fell on his back; upon which Lagnall got upon his body, and jumped on it feveral times, till he broke his cheft, Pitroll keeping his foot on his neck. When they found he was dead, they conveyed his body by piece-meal through the neceffary into the water, because throwing it over-board whole would have alarmed the cen try. Next day twenty-seven of the French prífoners being brought on fhore, one of them gave information of the murder.-The five ruffians. were sentenced to be executed on the 2d of April

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