this oppofition, always ftudiously fought for, becomes uniformity. The mind finds fo little variety in it, that, when you have seen one part of the phrafe, you guefs at the other; you fee words oppofed to each other, but oppofed always in the fame manner; you fee a turn of phrase, but it is always the fame. Many painters have fallen into this fault t of putting contrafts every-where, and without art; fo that, when one fees one figure, the difpofition of those next it can eatily be devined: This continual diverfity becomes fomething of a refemblance. Befides, Nature, which places every thing in diforder, I never discovers an affectation of a perpetual contrait; without adding further, that the does not put all bodies in motion, and in a forced motion; the is more various than to do this; the places fome in reft, and gives to others different kinds of movement. If the intelligent part of the foul loves variety, the fenfitive part of it is no lefs fond of it; for the foul cannot long bear the fame fituation, because it is joined to a body which cannot endure it. That our foul may be excited, the fpirits must flow in the nerves; but there are in this two things, a laffitude in the nerves, and an intermiffion of fpirits which flow no more, or are diffipated from thofe places where they run. Thus at length every thing fatigues us, efpecially great pleafures; we quit them always with as much pleafure as we began them; for the fibres, which were the organs of them, have need of reft; we must make ufe of others more proper to be of service to us, and, so to speak, make a proper divifion of our toil. Our foul grows tired with enjoyment; not to perceive any pleasure at all is to fall into a ftate of lifeless infenfibility, which quite oppreffes it. We find a remedy for all this, by varying its modifications; it feels, and it does not grow tired. This difpofition of the foul, which carries it always to different objects, makes it relish all the pleafures which flow from furprife; a fentiment which pleases the foul by the object which it beholds, and by the fuddennefs of the action; for it perceives or feels -fomething which it does not expect, or in a manner which it did not expect. A thing may furprife us as wonderful, and, at the fame time, as new, and alfo as unexpected; and, in thefe laft cafes, the principal fentiment is united to this acceffory one, that the thing is new, or unexpected. It is by this that games of hazard interest us; they prefent us with a continued feries of unexpected events; it is by this that focial games pleafe us; they too are a fet of unforeseen events, brought about by address joined to chance. It is by this also that we are pleased with theatrical pieces; they are unravelled by degrees, the events are concealed till they happen, new fubjects of furprife are always prepared for us, and they often afford us a fenfible pleasure, by fhewing the events to be fuch as we ought to have foreseen they would be. In a word, works of genius are commonly read for no other reafon but becaufe they procure an agreeable furprife, and make amends for the infipidity of converfations that have not this effect. Surprife may be produced either by the object, or by the manner of producing it; for we fee an object greater or less than it is in fact, or different from what it is; or we fee the fame object, but with an additional idea which furprifes us. Such, in any thing, is the acceffory idea of the difficulty of making it, or the person who made it, or the time when it was made, or the manner how it was made, or fome other circumftance connected with it. Suetonius defcribes the crimes of Nero with a coolness of blood which furprises us, by making us almost believe, that he does not feel fufficient horror for what he deferibes; but he fuddenly changes his ftyle, and fays, The univerfe, having fuffered fuch a monfter fourteen years, at last abandoned him: Tale monftrum per quatuorde cim annos perpeffus terrarum orbis tandem deftituit.' This produces in the mind different kinds of furprife: We are furprifed at the author's change of ftyle; at the dif covery of his different manner of thinking, at his method of relating, in fo few words, one of the greatest revolutions that ever happened: Thus the foul finds a vast number of different fenfations that concur to move it, and to infpire it with pleasure. REFLECTIONS on the PHILOSOPHY of SOCRATES. O underftand well the philofophy of aristocratical government; and, eloquence. The great socrates, it is neceffary to be being of great ufe to work upon the Senate thoroughly acquainted with the character and manners of the Greeks, particularly of the Athenians in his time. The cities of Greece were then under a democratical, or or the people, those who had a mind to raise themfelves, grew very fond of it. The fophifts took hold of that opportunity, and, letting up for teachers of eloquence, were admired admired by young people. They spoke with great eloquence, but wanted folidity. The Greeks, especially the Athenians, were vain and felf-conceited. The latter pretended to exceed all other nations in wit and learning. All manner of vices prevailed among them, proceeding not only from a long course of profperity, but alfo from the wrong notions of the gods, entertained by the poets and the people. Such was the ftate of Athens, when Socrates undertook to reform his fellow-citizens. The better to fucceed in his noble defign, he ufed to fpeak ironically; which Cicero expreffes in the following manner : 'Socrates (fays he, Academ. Quæft. Lib. IV. 5.) detracting frem himself in difputation, attributed more to those whom he defigned to refute. When Be therefore said otherwife than he thought, it was cuftomary with him to adopt that fort of diffimulation, the Greeks call irony.' Sometimes that great man declared he would be the difciple of thofe, who pretended to know what they were ignorant of; hoping that by that means he might beget in them a fenfe of modefty. At other times he would fay he knew not the thing that was in debate; and expreffed a great defire of inquiring into the truth of it, and helping others in that inquiry. He never grew angry with those who had a flow apprehenfion, or appeared obftinate, though their anfwers were never fo proud and foolish; but he endeavoured with great humanity and gentlenefs to quicken, and bring them off from their errors. Sometimes, to put off the character of a master and learned man, he difcourfed carelessly, and used a very mean ftile. The feveral parts of this method of Socrates are obfervable in many passages of Plato, Xenophon, and Plutarch. ligion and morals, we may find that he worBy examining into that philofopher's reshipped a fupreme God, and many inferior beings raised above the condition of human nature. The gods of the Grecians were fictitious beings; but the philofophers thought they might ufe the names afcribed to them, which the world was governed under the to denote invifible and eternal fpirits, by direction of the fupreme Being. Those philofophers ought not to be taxed with little religion upon fuch an account, fince they had no revelation about it. Even among Chriftians, now and in all times, many think with the learned, yet fpeak with the common people. As for the morality of Socratwo maxims: That no man ought to retes, one may judge of its purity by thefe venge an injury, and that one ought to fuffer death rather than do my thing contrary to virtue. Socrates fays, fpeaking of his genius, A accompanied me, ever fince I was a child. It certain dæmon, allotted to me by God, has is a voice, which always deters me from doing what I would do, but never advifes lieved with good reafon, that God's provime to do any thing.' Hence it may be bedence watched not only over the Jews, but alfo over all nations; and that the fame providence raised fome great men in fome countries, fuch as Confucius in China, and Somen, and hinder them from running into crates at Athens, to promote virtue among all manner of vices. To that end, God affigned a guardian angel to Socrates, with a limited power, confifting only in advising him not to do some things, that might prove prejudicial to him. Premiums propofed by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, Page 297 of our last Number, finished. PREMIUMS to encourage and improve Manufactures, Machines, &c. For making the largest quantity of the crapes, commonly used for mourning hatbands, fcarves, &c. nearly equal in goodness to the best foreign crapes, not less than 100 yards; to be produced on or before the first Tuesday in February, 1760; 301. For making a piece of drugget, of the fame quality, and nearest in price to a pattem which will be delivered by the Register of the Society; to be produced on or before the first Tuesday in February, 1760; 20ł. The length of the piece to be not less than 30 yards, the breadth about 21 inches. N. B. The person who gained the first premium last year, will not be admitted a claimant for this year's premium. first year, 501. for the fecond year, and 25 1. A premium of 100l. will be given for the perfon or perfons who fhall firft erect and a year for the three fucceeding years, to the ber into useful planks and fcantlings. exercife a faw-mill, capable of fawing tim duce to the Society, on or before the first To the perfon who fhall invent and proTuesday in April, 1760, the best model of a tide-mill, made by a fcale of at least one inch to a foot, and capable of being tried by width of the water-wheel, the number, fize, water, in which, from the proper height and and pofition of its floats or ladles, and the juft application of the water to the fame at the the first drawing; and all the intermediate heights of twelve feet down to a four feet head or fall, meafuring from the bottom of the conduit to the top of the water; and the moft proper and fimple construction of the gears to move or drive the ftones or other work of the mill; the greatest effect shall be produced in proportion to the quantity of water expended; 501. To the perfon who fhall invent and produce to the Society, on or before the first Tuesday in April, 1760, the best model of a wind-mill, in which the number, form, fize, and pofitions of the fails are fuch as to produce the greateft effect from the action of the wind in all its various velocities; and the machinery of the whole fuch as to communicate in the moft fimple manner a proper uniform motion to the fhaft of the mill in all the variations of the wind's velocitiesThe model to be made by a scale of one inch to a foot; 501. For marbling the greatest quantity of paper, equal in goodness to the best marbled paper imported, not lefs than one rheam; to be produced on or before the fecond Tuesday in February, 1760; 101. For making the greateft quantity of paper, and best in quality, from filk rags alone, not less than two rheams of white paper, and five rheams of paper of a light brown colour, nearest and most agreeable to the colour of a pattern, which will be delivered by the Regifter of the Society; to be produced on or before the last Tuesday in April, 1760; 201. For the fecond greatest quantity, and best in quality, not less than two rheams of white, and five rheams of the light brown colour 10 1. For the third ditto, not less than the above quantity; 51. For difcovering and producing, on or before the firft Tuesday in November next, the most effectual, easy, expeditious, and cheap method, whereby the various colours out of a large quantity of filk rags may be readily difcharged; yet the fibres of the filk may ftill keep their ftrength firm as before, and be no ways rendered unfit for the purpose of making filk paper; and on condition that fuch method may be published for the benefit of the paper manufacturer; 10 l. N. B. All perfons are defired to fave their filk rags. To the perfon who shall produce the beft block of a fhip, to draw feventeen feet water (depth of keel included) and to be 650 tons burthen, with thofe two properties united in the greatest degree; 501. Alfo, To the perfon who fhall produce the best block on the fame principles of 12 feet deanght of water, and 380 tons; gal. Each block to be made by a quarter fcale, that is a quarter of an inch to a foot. The bodies of the blocks of each fize to be hollowed and worked nearly to the fame fcantling or thickness, which the timber and planks together of fhips of fuch burthens refpectively ufually are. The keel of the larger fize not exceeding one foot, four inches. The keel of the lefs not to exceed one foot. Each block to have the knee of the head or cutwater, as well as the rudder fixed to it. A deck to be fixed in each with a hatchway, large enough to pafs the hand through, to shift her load or ballaft, for trimming her; and a mast of proportionable dimensions to be fixed in each, for making the experiments neceffary to ascertain her stiffness. The bottoms to be painted with white paint up to the failing water-line, which is to be marked in feet upon the stem and port. The wales not to be raised, but to be expreffed in black paint, and no decorations to be allowed, except in paint only. The configuration of the body, and every circumftance not prescribed above, is left to the judgment, genius, and choice of the artist. The angle, at which their stiffness will be tried, is to be 20 degrees of inclination from the perpendicular, that, which requires moft force to heel her to that angle, being accounted the stiffeft. Each candidate must produce his block to the Society, with an exact draught thereof, and his reafons in writing, why be prefers that particular form, on or before the last Tuesday in March, 17603 and the trials to be on (or as near as may be to) the first of May following. A method of trial will be contrived by the Society, in order to determine which has the greatest share, or maximum, of both qualities taken together, fo that a deficiency in either property fhall be balanced by a proportionable excellence in the other. If no more than one candidate for each kind do offer, or in cafe no more than one model in cach kind be thought by the Society to answer their defcription, or be worthy of trial, then fuch candidate or model, in either kind, to be intitled to 151. The candidates are to take notice, that the tonnage, weight of the body, ballast, maft, yards, ftores, provifions, &c. included, are to b. Ing the fhip down to her failing water line. For For the finest fpun yarn from flax of Englifh growth, not less than 6 lb. wt. to be produced on or before the fecond Tuesday in February, 1760; 10l. 201. will be given to any parish, within the bills of mortality, in whofe workhouse the greatest quantity of wheat fhall be ground into meal, with hand-mills worked by the poor, in proportion to the number maintained therein; which meal fhall be confumed in the faid workhouse, or sold out to other perfons; fatisfactory proof to be made thereof on or before the fecond Tuesday in February, 1760. For the fecond greatest quantity in like manner, 151. For the third ditto, rol. To the masters, or mistreffes, or those who under any denomination fuperintend the labour of the poor in workhouses, the following premiums will be given, viz. For fpinning the best worsted yarn, in any workhouse wherein the poor are not let to farm, not lefs than 500 lb. wt. (fit for the ufe of weavers) which shall on or before the third Tuesday in February, 1760, be proved to have been foun therein, between the prefent date and that day, by such poor perfons only as fhall have been there relieved; 201. For fpinning not less than 1000 lb. wt. of linen yarn, from hemp or flax (fit for any handicraft trade in the lower branches of weaving) in any fuch workhouse, and by fuch poor perfons as above, within the time aforefaid; fufficient famples to be produced; 201. to the best deferving. For fpinning not lefs than 200 lb. wt. of the finest linen yarn, fit for the principal branches of weaving, for making stockings, or to be used as fewing thread. The time and condition as abovementioned; 201. For fpinning not lefs than 500 lb. wt. of cotton yarn, nearest to the fort called Surat or Turkey cotton yarn, in any workhoufe. Time and conditions as above; 201. For caufing to be knit within the time abovementioned, in the workhouse of any parish, whose poor are not farmed out, by not less than 20 women and children, the largeft quantity in proportion to the number fo employed, of white low-priced, flight worfted hofe for women, from yarn fpun in the faid workhoufe; fuch hofe to weigh about lb. wt. per dozen, and each stocking to meafure full 23 inches in the leg, and nine inches in the foot; and to be knit from two threads of foft worsted, fpun on the fhort wheel called the Canterbury or Leicester wheel; 20 1. N. B. The premium will given for the greatest number of such hofe, as come nearest to a pattern to be given by the Society, in proportion of one dozen at leaft for each woman and child. For the fecond parcel in quantity and quality of the like hofe, on the fame conditions; 101. For caufing to be knit, on the above conditions, the best and largest quantity of the like worfted hofe, of the fame fize, and about the fame weight, but knit from three threads the long wheel fpinning; 151. For the fecond parcel ditto, in quantity and goodness; 10l. The hofe must be produced to the Society, or to fuch perfons as they fhall appoint to examine the fame; and must be made as near as can be to famples of each fort, which will be delivered by the Regitter to any perfon who shall apply by a fubfcriber. N. B. Certificates will be required from the masters, miftreffes, or fuperintendants of fuch workhouses as are candidates for fpinning or knitting; fpecifying the number, fex, and ages of the poor maintained in their respective workhouses, diftinguishing fuch of them as are employed therein, and the justnefs of the famples delivered in; and alfo a certificate or certificates, from the Rector, Vicar, or Curate, and from the Overfeers of the poor of the parish where each workhouse is situated, that they have refpectively examined into the facts certified by fuch master or other perfon, believe the fame to be true, and that the poor have been treated in the mean time with humanity and compaffion. No perfon will be intitled to more than one of the above premiums. For fuch parish or parishes as fhall separately or jointly fet up, open, or regulate workhouses, for the relief and employment of their poor, upon the plan lately printed and published by Mr. Bailey, and shall before the third Wednesday in February, 1760, lay before the Society, in writing, an account or narrative of their proceedings, with 'fuch remarks as their experience in the execution of the said plan fhall point out as material for the improvement thereof, or for remedying any defects therein. To the parifh or parishes, which in managing their workhouse fhall appear to the Society to have kept the nearest to the faid plan, to have made the most effectual trial thereof, and to have fuggested the best remarks for improvements to be made upon it; 150l. To fuch other parish or parishes as shall, in For the greatest quantity of cochineal properly cured, not lefs than 25 lb. wt. first produced from any plantation or plantations in South Carolina, within the space of three years, from the date hereof; 100l. For the fecond greatest quantity not lefs than 25 lb. wt. as above; 501. For the greateft quantity not less than 25 lb. wt. produced as above, in Jamaica; 1001. For the fecond greatest quantity not lefs than 25 lb. wt. 5ol. The like premiums will be given to any perfon who fhall firft produce in any of the British colonies, fettlements, or dominions, the abovementioned quantity. A certificate under the hands of two or more Juftices of the Peace, refiding in the county, or of the Minifter and Church-wardens of the parish where fuch cochineal was cured, fetting forth that the faid cochineal was cured at the place mentioned therein; and fuch certificate backed or counterfigned by the Governor or Commander in Chief in Council, under the feal of the colony; will be expected by the Society, at the time the premium is claimed. For planting the greatest quantity of logwood, in any of the plantations, before the 25th of December, 1759; 201.. Certificates of fuch planting must be delivered on or before the first Wednesday in June, 1760. For planting, fencing, and fecuring, the greatest number of logwood-trees (not lefs than 500) in any of our plantations, before the third Wednesday in December, 1760, 401. and certificates thereof to be delivered on or before the last Wednesday in June, 1761. 30 1. will be given for the greateft quantity of myrtle wax, imported from any of the British colonies in America, not lefs than 500 lb. wt. at one importation in the port of London, on or before the last Tuefday in March, 1761. For the fecond greatest quantity not less than 500 lb. wt. 201. For the third ditto, not lefs than 500 lb. wt. 10l.. A certificate or certificates,under the hands of the Collector of the customs and naval Officers of the port where the wax is fhipped, will be required, If the quantities fhould be equal, the qua~ lity will determine the premium. Whereas the Society on the 5th day of April, 1758, offered a premium of sol. for planting, cultivating, and properly fecuring, within four years from the date thereof, in any of our colonies fouthward of the Delawar river, the greatest number of olivetrees, not less than 1000, for the production of oil; alfo a premium of 401. for the fecond greatest number, not lefs than 800; and likewife a premium of 301. for the third greatest number, not lefs than 600. The Society hereby propofes to give three other premiums of 50, 40, and 30l. on the above conditions, for planting, cultivating, and properly fecuring, within four years from the date hereof, in any of our faid colonies fouthward of the Delawar river, the greatest number of olive-trees. Each claimant will be required to produce (within fix months after the expiration of the faid four years respectively) a certificate under the hand of the Governor of the province, that a fufficient proof had been made before him, that the number of trees mentioned in the faid certificate are under actual improvement and cultivation. To the perfon who fhall on or before the fecond Wednesday in December, 1760, import into any one port in England, from any of his Majefty's colonies in America, the greatest quantity of pot-afh, the produce of the faid colonies, not less than 50 tons, neareft in goodnefs to the beft foreign potath. The quantity landed to be ascertained by certificates under the hands of the Collector and Comptroller of the customs, and the quality to be afcertained in fuch manner as the Society fhall direct; 100 1. N. B. The fame premium will be given, on the fame conditions, to the perfon who fhall after the fecond Wednesday in December, 1760, and on or before the fecond Tuefday in December, 1761, import into England, from any of his Majefty's colonies in America, the greatest quantity of pot-afh, not less than 50 tons. To the perfon in any of our American colonies who fhall firft raife and cure from his own plantation, and import into the port of London, within fix years, from the 25th of March, 1759, 500 lb. wt. of good raifins; 501. A certificate under the hands of two or |