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be thrown into the fea, that there may be no more notice taken of him or his memo ry: They also condemn the fame criminal, not only in the penalties of the common las, that his arms and atchievements, where ever placed, be pulled down, and rest in pieces and that the houfes, and material edifices of his abode, be demolished and erafed in fuch fort, that there may not a fign of them remain, being reduced to a wild, and covered with falt; but also, that all effective houfes or eftates by him enjoyed, in thofe parts thereof, which have been established in properties of the Crown, or have iffued from thence, and all fuch like, be confifcated, and from this time for ward forfeited; with effectual reversion and reincorporation in the faid Crown, from whence they derived.

They condemn to the fame pains the Criminal Francis-Affizes of "Tavora,

'They condemn the two favage monfters Antonio Alvares Ferreira and Jofeph-Policarp de Azevedo, who fired the Two facrilegious fhot, to be conveyed with halters about their necks, and proclamation of their crimes, to the fame fquare; and that, being there exalted on two posts, fire be fet to them, which fhall confume them alive, till their bodies be reduced to afhes and powder, which fall be thrown into the fea. And, whereas the criminal Jofeph Policarp has abfconded, they hold him outlawed, command any body, without being his enemy, to kill him, or, in cafe of apprehending him in this realm, promise the reward of 10,000 crufados, and of 20,000 in a foreign country, over and above the travelling expences, any perfon or perfons may be at who feize and give him up.

They condemn the criminals LewisBernard of Tavora, Don Jerome of Araide, Jofeph Maria of Tavora, Blaize Jofeph

Romeiro, John Michael, and EmanuelAlvares, to be conveyed with halters about their necks, and the proclamation of their crimes, to the fcaffold, which shall be erected for thefe executions; whereon, being first strangled, and afterwards having fucceffively the eight bones of their arms and legs broken, they fhall also be put on wheels, and their bodies be reduced by fire into powder, and thrown into the fea. And they condemn them likewife in confiscation and forfeiture of all their goods, to the use of the Crown; and in the demolition, erasement, and falting of their dwelling houfes, and the pulling down and defacement of the arms and atchievements of fuch of them as had any heretofore. 5602 30 6190 2001 to

“And the criminal Lady Eleanor of Tavora, wife of the criminal Francis-Afsizes of Tavora, for certain just confiderations, (exempting her from the greater punishments, which by her crimes the deserved) they condemn only to be conveyed, with a halter about her neck, and the proclama tion of her crimes, to the fame fcaffold, and that thereon the fuffer natural death to perpetuity, by having her head separated from her body; which shall be afterwards by fire reduced to powder, and thrown also into the sea: They alfo condemn the fame criminal in confifcation, &c. as aforefaid.

At the palace of Our Lady of Ajuda, in the confultation of the 12th of January of 1759 +

With the fignature of the three Secreta-
ries of State who presided.

Corderio. Pacheco. Bacalhao. Lima.
Souto.

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'Oliveiro Machado was prefent with the figret of the Sollicitor of the Crown."

2

On the Antiquity, Neceffity, Advantage, &c. of AGRICULTURE; by Way of Letter to a Friend,SA

SIR, gratitude the Creative Power exerting itself ITA TAKE a fenfible delight in travelling in every fpire of grafs, and multiplication of into different counties near the time of grain, for the benefit of mankind; ›I fee harveft, and furveying the face of the coun, the effect of the curfe on the ground, which, try, adorned with a fort of gaiety and smile, unlaboured and fpontaneous, brings forth and overfpread with waving crops of vari- nothing u'eful; and of the blefling too, ous complexion and appearance. As I conveyed in that voice, Be fruitful and am a follower of Nature, I take greater multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it." pleasure in the filent contemplation of thefe As a lover of my country, I confider thefe objects, than in the noife, flutter, and arti, things as the inexhaustible fource of its ficial glare of great towns and cities, and can ftrength and riches; and, when I read of fafely fay I am never lefs alone, than when our exports to almost all other countries, I I am thus engaged without company. My call to mind the fertility of that ifland which entertainment converts into an act of reli-, fed the Roman people, and enabled them to gion, and I difcern with admiration and be mafters of the world, and begin to think

I live

I live in the granary of Europe. I com-
pare the prefent ftate of this spot with other
places, and with itfelf, when uncultivated
by the arts of civility and commerce, and
over-run with bushes, bogs, ignorance, and
fuperftition; and, like the patriot of old,
who rejoiced that he was born a man, a
Greek, and an Athenian, blefs myself, that
I am a native of Britain in its full age of
freedom, plenty, religion, and literature.
I am fo full of this fubject, from my late
ramble, that you
must allow me to throw
together, in the liberty of an effay, a few
loote thoughts on the bufinefs of agricul-
ture, which, for antiquity, has no rival:
It began with our world, and was the em-
ployment of its first inhabitant, who was
to get his bread in the fweat of his face:

When Adam dug, and Eve (pan,
Who was then the Gentleman?

The fecond parent of our species entered upon the renovation of it with an act of husbandry and planting. His defcendants, the greatest Princes and the wifeft States, have ever made this the object of their inquiries, ftudies, and injunctions; they practifed it themselves, and made it a principal point of their politics to reward the im provement, and punish the neglect of it. Migo, a noble Carthaginian, wrote twenty-eight volumes on the fubject, and A. thens idolifed thofe who inftructed them in the methods of cultivating the ground; and the Eleufinian, the greatest of their myfteries, were a piece of grateful devotion to the perfon who introduced tillage and corn into their country; and Socrates, a man of the greatest difcernment in the af. fairs of life, declared he was much deceived, if there could be found out, for an ingenious man, a more pleasing or ufeful employ

ment.

It is no wonder agriculture has been the point of attention, the business and amufement of the world, in every age and part of it, fince it forces itfelf upon us, on accunt of its neceffity, in confequence of the divine appointment. Other arts and employments may ferve for the embellishment of human life, this is requifite for the fupport of it.

The all-wife and benevolent Architect has fo conftituted the frame of things, that duty and intereft go hand in hand, labour and pleasure fucceed each other like day and night, and what he has made neceffary he has made delightful too. As hunger, thirft, and weariness, are the infirmities of our nature; eating, drinking, and reft, which are the removal of them, are accompanied with their proper gratifications: And, as

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the cultivation of the earth was to b laborious employment of the greater pa mankind, more fatisfaction and enter ment was ordered to go along with it, is to be found in any other way of life. labours of the country are attended with vigour and flow of fpirits, which make life a bleffing to the poffeffor; and products of it are what our conftituti formed to like beft, what is mest agree to our tate, delightful to our eyes, feafts our imagination. The inhabitan the field enjoys a happiness, which bis in lent Lord is too often a stranger to; meals are more grateful, his life more in cent, and his fleep lefs difturbed. may imprifon themfelves in large inclof of brick or tone, they may hurry f place to place, and one difappointing mufement to another; but Happiness fed to have fixed her feat in rural fcenes: ther the people of butinefs and whim co as often as they can, and, when they ca not, import as much of them as they able into their disadvantageous fituatio Hither alfo fancy ftrolls to gather up moft agreeable images of things; the fembly, the lighted room, the equipa the embroidery, do not footh and enterta the mind of man in any degree like verdant plain, the wavy field, the art ftream, the enamelled mead, the fragra grove, the melodious birds, the fporti beasts, the open fky, and starry heavens.

The labours of the country life will r in our esteem, if, befides their agreeablene to our nature and frame, we confider the as the fruitful fource of all the wealth of nation, and productive of all that is nece fary to the being and well-being of ma kind. Trade and commerce, which a efteemed the two great fountains of nation wealth, cannot have a place, but on th foundation of this original and natural em ployment. The true riches of every ita is not the extent of its domain, but the du cultivation of it; and to fuppofe gold an filver to be fuch, argues an utter unacquain tance with the nature of the thing. A peo ple may be fole proprietors of all the go and filver in Peru and Mexico, and yet, by neglecting the culture of their lands, and the trade arifing thence, acquire the fing advantage of being the carriers of Europe and depend upon others for the neceffarics of life. The whole wealth of the first ages of the world confifted in the produce of the ground, and the patturage of cattle upon it; and, in token of it, the firft money bore the impreffion of thefe real goods of life. I faac's bleffing and endowment of his fon was the dew of heaven, the fatnefs of the earth,

earth, and plenty of corn and wine.' Job was the greatest of all the men of the Eaft; for his fubftance was 7000 fheep, 3000 camels, and 500 yoke of oxen, and 500 the affes, and a very great houthold.' Pharaoh no fooner got poffeffion of all the corn, than he became mafter of the money of the neighbouring countries, and the properties and perfons of all his fubjects.

Agriculture not only furnishes wealth to a nation, but hands also, able and willing to defend it, and is perhaps the best nursery of a good foldiery in the world. Other arts and employments of life, a few only excepted, naturally tend to debase the courage, and impair and wafte the ftrength of thofe who follow them; but the country works brace the nerves, give health to the complexion, ftrength to the finews, vigour to the conftitution, inure to weather and fatigue, and keep the vital fpark glowing by continual exercise. Thefe men propa-, gate a numerous hardy breed, who people the itate, enrich it with their labours, and defend it with their Atrength: The nature of their business trains them to affiduity and watchfulness, infpires them with an eager. nefs of maintaining what they have made their property by the fweat of their brows.

The country life, which thus qualifies men for neceflary defence, naturally introduces a difpofition averfe to civil tumult and offenfive war: The occafion over, their fwords easily convert into plowfhares, and their spears into pruning hooks: They have gained a property in the state, and therefore with its fafety; and are no enemies to government, while they enjoy protection and fecurity from it.

I may be thought under a strong fit of declamation when I go on to fuggeft, that agriculture was perhaps the parent of all thofe fciences, arts, and employments, which have fince carried their heads fo far above her: The methods of numbering and measuring, mathematics, and that branch of it geometry, are faid to owe their original to Egypt; where it was neceffary, by thefe means, to preferve the boundaries of their lands, annually overflowed by the Nile, which threw down and obliterated all diftinctions of property. The attention to

the refpective seasons of husbandry produced that obfervation and skill in the adjustment and motions of the heavenly bodies, which conftitute the fcience of aftronomy. The firft iron was, it is likely, hammered for the ufe of the fields, and the first mufic perhaps founded at the rural feftivities. Mechanics and navigation took their rife from the various inventions of lifting, conveying, and tranfporting the fruits of the earth from place to place.

But agriculture rifes ftill higher, and reads continual lectures, not only in fpeculative, but practical philofophy; it conducts to morality, and every focial virtue, and inforces a due regard to, and dependence on, the Supreme Being, in which confifts the effence of religion. Socrates fends us to the earth, which makes returns proportioned to the labour bestowed on it, to learn juftice; and to the faithful beast, who is fed by the ground, and helps man in his talk of manure and cultivation, for a leffon of gratitude; and to the mutual good offices, in the various employments of the year, in order to be inftructed in the ufe men are of in focieties, when they confide in and affift each other. A greater than Socrates has directed us to the ant to acquire diligence and wisdom; and a greater, ftill commiffions the ox, who knoweth his owner, and the afs his mafter's crib, to lead us to the confideration of that Being who verns and feeds us. The influence of uncertain feafons, the genial fhower, the parching drought, the rattling hail, the peftilential vapour, the reviving dew, the blafting lightning, the canker worm, and the caterpillar, conípire to raise a reverential awe of him, who kills with the breath of his difpleafure;' an acknowledgment, truft, and adoration of the great proprietor of all things, Who crowneth the year with his goodness, and whofe clouds drop fatnefs who poureth down the former and the latter rain in its feafon; who' (according to that moft exalted image in the noble fimplicity of the words of facred poetry) openeth his hand, and filleth all things living with plenteoufnefs,'

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Your's, &c.

Memoirs of the Life of ROBERT CARY, Baron of Leppington, and Earl of Monmouth; written by himself, and lately published from an original Manufcript in the Cuftody of JOHN Earl of Corke and Orrery.

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to the States first, and then to (1) Don John de Auftria: My father the Lod Hunfdon fitted mee to go the journey with him; wee were abroad almost all the winter: After wee had been with the States at Bruxelles, wee had audience of Don John at Mons in Henault: We ftayed but two dayes with him, and, after fome time spent at Bruxelles, wee took fhipping at Dunkrike for England.

Shortly after this (2) Monfieur, the King of France's brother, came and remained in our Court from Michaelmaffe to (3) Chriftmaffe; then he went from hence to Antwerpe, where he was created Duke of Brabant. My father, who was fent with my Lord of Nottingham, and my Lord Suffex, to convoy him over in three of the Queene's beft fhippes, left me there behind him with Sir (4) John Norrice, and thence appointed me to travaile into France. I ftayed at Antwerpe from Shrovetide untill Eafter; then I tooke my journey into France, and was nine months at Paris, when my father fent for me in all haft, fearing that Englishmen fhould be ill dealt with in France; though very unwillingly, I obeyed, and came home about Chriftmaffe.

The (5) fummer after, I went with Mr. Secretary Wallingham into Scotland, he being fent thither (6) Embaffadour from her Majeftie; it pleafed the King at that time to take fuch a liking of mee, as he wrote earnestly to the Queene to give mee leave to come back. Her Majeftie gave her confent; but I was no fooner ready to take my journey from Berwick, where my father went with me, when a (7) countermand was fent to my father from the Queene, freight ly charging him to ftay mee, and not fuffer me to go into Scotland to the King.

My journey being thus ftayed, I retourned fhortly after, with my father, to the Court. The beginning of the fpring af ter (8) Sluce was befieged, and my Lord of Effex ftole from Court to get into Sluce, if he could: The Queene fent me after him, to perfuade him to retourne. I found him at Sandwich, and with much ado got him to retourne: As we were riding poft back,

Iftayed a little behinde, and, when hee w out of fight, I retourned to Sandwic whence with my Lord of (9) Cumberlan who had provided a small bark, I made hafte towards Sluce, but, when we we come near the fhore, were told that Slu was yeilded to the enemy that day: No withstanding we went to Offend, where found my brother Edmund, a Captain of th towne. There wee were told for certain that the enemy was fully refolved to befieg Oftend, and, the Lord of Cumberland fe ing our hopes fruftrate, we took leave; to fee my Lord of Leicester at Bergen-op Soame, and then to retourne home; and to stay with my brother, and to be partne with him both in good and ill. Withi two or three days after my Lord of Not tingham came to us with provision of mu nition and victuals, and left us Sir Willian Read to be Commander. At laft letter came from my Lord of Leicefter, that th towne that year was free from any fiege and that fixe of our companyes fhould com to him with all speed. I, finding no hop of any good action to be performed, to wards Michaelmaffe retourned for England. from Bergen-op-Soame, where I ftayed moft part of the fummer, and found by that little experience, (10) that a brave warre and a poore fpirit in a Commander never agree well together.

The next year (which was 1586) was the Queene of Scottes' beheading: At which time her Majeftie fent me to the King of Scottes, to make known her innocence of her fifter's death, with letters of credence from herself to affure all that I fhould af firm: But the King's Majeftie, knowing the fury his people were in, fent to let mee know at Berwick that no power of his could warrant my life at that time; therefore, to prevent further mifchiefe, he would fend two of his Counfaile to the boundrode, to receive my letters, or what other meffage I had to deliver. This was done accordingly, and I had the thanks of her Majeftie, when I came to Court.

The next year (1587) I was fent Embaffadour again to the King of Scottes. I

(1) Natural fon of the Emperor Charles V, particularly famous in his conquefts over the Turks. (2) The Duke of Anjou, whofe courtship by letters, vifits, and mediators with Queen Elifabeth, is fufficiently known.

(3) Anno 1581.

(4) Second son of Henry Lord Norrice, who deferved the beft of fame and his country.

(5) Anno 1583.

(6) To give advice to James VI. A remarkable embaffy, in which the fubtle Walfingham effectually difcovered the temper and difpofition of that King.

(7) The Queen's jealousy of the King of Scots, and of all those whom he countenanced, appears by this countermand.

(S) In French, l'Eclufe.

(9) George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland.

(10) This obfervation feems to be levelled at Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicefter, the worthless favourite of our renowned Queen.

had

had a fafe conduct from Berwick to Domfreefe, where his Majeftie was. By the way I fent to him from Carleil two pieces of ordinance, with bullets, powder, and all things neceffary, by which means he recovered the caftle of Lough mable, held against him by Robert Maxfield, who efcaped to fea. I retourned to Court, where the Queene and Counsaile allowed very well of what I had done.

The next year (1588) the King of Spain's great armado came upon our coaft, thinking to devour us all. But God did bleffe, and gave us victory over this invin

cible navy.

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The next yeare was the (11) journey of Portugal, where my Lord of Effex fole from Court to go that journey, and left mee behind him, which did much trouble mee; but the next journey I undertooke with him into France, and was a Captain of 150 men. There were over with him 200 horfe, and 4000 foote, befides voluntaryes, which were many. From Arques wee came to the King at Noyon, and having flayed four days with him, and returning towards Arques again, a French Genteman came in great haft to my Lord, and difcovered to him that he was betrayed by the Governour of Arques, and that 500 horfe, with above 2000 foote, were layed in a great wood to cutt us all in pieces. It was prefently refolved that we fhould make no itay, but tourne our course towards Pontlarge, which we got to betimes the next day. My Lord fent to Arques for all his foote to come to him, and, they having refted awhile, he marched towards Arques, and the fecond night lodged at Pavillie. In a morning betimes both foote and horfe marched fome five miles off, onely in a bravado, to fee whether the enemy would durft fkirmish with us: But there unfortunately we loft Mr. Walter Devereux, my Lord's only brother, with a fhott in the

head.

Col. Cromwell having urgent bufineffe for England, my Lord of Effex gave me his regiment. After we had battered the towne, and made a breach, in a morning betimes wee were ready to give an affault; but the chief Commanders held out a white flagge to parley, and it was agreed, that with the foldiers they fhould in fafety pafs out, and the towne be delivered to my Lord for the King's ufe. All which was performed be fore twelve of the clock,

My Lord fent mee to Court with the news of the yeilding of the towne, and the manner of it. Before I came, Sir Thomas Darcy was fent back with a ftreight commaund for my Lord to retourne, as he would anfwer it at his utmost perill. The Queene fending for me, I delivered her my Lord's letter, and faid nothing to her, as she was in a great rage against him, till the had read his letter. She feemed to be meanely well contented with the fucceffe at Gornye; and then, having fayd to her all I could in his behalf, I defired to know her pleafure; for I meant with all hafte to retourne to my charge. After dinner, being fent for to come to her againe, she delivered me a letter written with her own hand to my Lord, and bade mee tell him, that If there were any thing in it that did pleafe him, he fhould give mee thankes for it. I humbly kiffed her hand, and said to her, I hoped there was in it that which would make him, of the most dejected man living, a a new creature, rejoicing in nothing fo much as that he had to ferve fo worthy and fo gracious a Miftreffe.

After I had with all due refpects taken my leave of her, that afternoon I made for France, but came too late; for, that tide I came to Deepe haven, my Lord, having received her command, put himfelfe into a little kiffe in Deape, and made all the hafte he could for England. At my Lord's coming to Court, whereas he expected nothing but her Majeftie's heavy difpleafure, he found it cleane contrary; for the used him with that grace and favour, that he ftayed a week with her, paffing the time in jollity and feafting; and then, with teares in her eyes, the fhewed her affection to him, and for the repaire of his honour gave him leave to retourne to his charge againe.

Our army was full of forrow for the loffe of fo worthy a Gentleman. In four days after wee came to Arques, but had not stayed long there, when the whole army removed towards (12) Gornye to befeige it. Wee lay before it fome ten dayes, when letters came to my Lord of Effex, to command him presently to repaire for England, and leave his charge with Sir Thomas Layton; but the King intending fhortly to beliege Roan, and not willing to leave him at fuch a time, he dispatched Sir Tho mas Darcy to defire longer ftay. Here (11) An expedition undertaken by Sir John Norrice and Sir Francis Drake, almoft intirely at their own expence.

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Hee made all the hafte hee could to Deepe. I mett him there, and he, freightly embracing, faid to me, That he would never ufe any other oratour than myfelfe;' and, when I delivered him the Queene's letter,

(12) Gournay, a large city in Normandy, fituated on the river Epté.

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