STUDIORUM DISSIMILITUDO DISSOCIAT AMICITIAS.-DIFFERENCE OF PURSUITS SEVERS FRIENDSHIPS. 800 CONSULTO OPUS EST.-IT BEHOVES US TO TAKE ADVICE A Compendious Classical Dictionary. his 10 years' wanderings were numberless, but he at length reached his home, and delivered his wife Penelope from the importunities of her suitors. [Ciree, Cyclops, Sirenes, Telemachus, &c.] Umbria, a country of Italy, on the Adriatic, conquered by Rome in the beginning of the 3rd century, B. C. Uranus, the god of the visible heaven; one of the elder race of deities in the Greek Mythology. Utica, a city of Africa, near Carthage. Valens, Flavius, Emperor of the East from 364 to 378, D., who was defeated and slain by the Goths at Hadrianople. Valentinianus the First, Emperor of Rome from 364 to 375, a. D. He was successful in repelling the attacks of the German races on the Empire. Valentinianus the Second, Emperor of Rome from 375 to 392, A. D., was a mere child, and was murdered by one of his generals.-Valentinianus the Third, Emperor of Rome from 4:25 to 455, A. D., was one of the bad Emperors, and in his reign the last Roman soldiers were withdrawn from Britain. Valerianus, Publius Licinius, Emperor of Rome from 253 to 260, A. D. He was defeated and captured by Sapor of Persia, and put to death with horrid tortures. Valerius Maximus, a Roman writer of the 1st century, A. D., who made a curious collection of anecdotes, which has been preserved to the present time. Vandali, a German people, who in the 5th century, A. D., overran Europe, sacked Rome, and established in Spain and northern Africa a kingdom, that was a hundred years afterwards overthrown by Belisarius. Farius, Rufus, a Roman poet of the 1st century, B. C. Varro, Caius Teren'tius, the Roman commander who was defeated at Canne by Hannibal, in 216, B. C. Varro, Marcus Teren'tius, a Roman writer on Grammar and Agriculture, who flourished in the 1st century, B. C. Varus Quintilius, a Roman general, who in the war with Arminius, in the year 9, A. D., was entrapped in the forests, and with his whole army cut to pieces. Va'rus Alfe'nus, a Roman lawyer and orator, of the 1st century, B. C., who was originally a shoemaker. Vasco'nes, the people who inhabited the Biscayan provinces of Spain. Vatinius, Publius, an unprincipled partisan of Caesar, whom Cicero in one oration attacked, and in another defended. Vectis, the Roman name of the Isle of Wight. Veii, an ancient city of Italy, whose inhabitants combated the rising power of Rome, from the legendary times of the monarchy, until Camillus took their city in 396, B. C., after a siege of 10 years. Vejov'is, an Italian divinity worshipped at Rome. Vel'ia, a Greek city of southern Italy, also called Elea. Vene'ti, a people of upper Italy, after whom the city of Venice was named. Ven'ta Belga'rum, the Roman name of Winchester. Venta Icendrum, the Roman name of Norwich. Venta Silu'rum, the Roman name of Caerwent in Monmouthshire. Ven'ti, the deities of the winds, Boreas, Eurus, Notus, Zephyrus, &c. [Bolus.] Ventidius, Publius, Bas'sus, a Roman commander, who, as lieutenant to Antony, gained two splendid victories over the Parthians, in the year 39 and 38, B. C. Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, sprang (it was said) from the foam of the sea, or (as other legends said) the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. She was married to Vulcan, but is represented as indulging in amours with Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, Mer cury, Bacchus, and with Anchises and Adonis. She was worshipped with especial honour at Paphos in Cyprus, and in Op thera. Paris awarded to her the golden apple, and received Helen in return, and the evils she worked amongst mortals are the theme of many legends. She bore as many names as there are aspects of love, and finally, these were regarded as the names of different deities. Sparrows and doves were customarily yoked to her chariot; her girdle inspired all hearts with passion for the wearer; and her son, Cupid, was her attendant and minister. The myrtle was sacred to her. Verona, the city of Italy still so named. Verres, Caius, an extortionate Roman governor of Sicily, who was accused by Cicero in some orations which still remain, and who was put to death by Antony. Vertum'nus, the god of fruit, and lover of Pomona. Verula'mium, the Roman name of St Albans. Verus, Lucius Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, along with Marcus Aurelius, from 161 to 169, A. D. Vespasianus, Titus Fla'vius Sabinus, Emperor of Rome from 70 to 79, A. D. He distinguished himself in many military commands before he became Emperor, and in Britain subdued the inhabitants of the Isle of Wight. He was engaged in the war with the Jews, when he was raised to the throne; and his government was highly beneficial to the state. Vesta, the goddess of Home, or the Hearth, worshipped at Rome with peculiar honours, whose fire was not suffered to go out, and whose priestesses were vowed to inviolable chastity. Vesuvius, the volcano near Naples, still so called, whose first recorded eruption destroyed the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiæ, and caused the death of the philosopher Pliny. Vetra'nio, a Roman commander, proclaimed Emperor in 350, a. D. Victor, Sex'tus Aurelius, a Roman author of the 4th century, A. D. Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory. Vindobona, the Roman name of Vienna. QUI TOTUM VULT, TOTUM PERDIT.-ALL COVET, ALL LOSE. SUA CUIQUE RES EST CARÍSSIMA —EVERY MAN BIKES HIS OWN THINGS BEST. SEMPER VOLUPTATES SUNT MORTALES.-ALL PLEASURES ARE TRANSIENT. INIMICITIAM SOLVE. DO AWAY WITH ENMITY. A Compendious Classical Dictionary. man epic poet, was born in 70, B. c., and when he went to beg for the restoration of his farm, which had been allotted to some of the triumvirs' soldiers, he not only received his land again, but obtained the patronage of Mecenas and of the Emperor, which he enjoyed till his death, in 19, B. C. His principal work is the Eneid, which he wrote at the desire of Augustus, but did not live to revise. The Georgics were written for Mæcenas; and the Bucolics or Eclogues. None of his poems are characterised by much force; but they abound with passages of great tenderness, descriptive skill, and beauty; and have always been ranked amongst the first Latin classics. Virgin'ia, the daughter of Lucius Virginius, whom (according to the story) Appius Claudius, the wicked decemvir, endeavoured to carry off from her parents. Her father, finding he could not save her by any other means, slew her in the open forum, and raised an insurrection, which overthrew the decemvirate, and restored the old magistracy. This happened, it is said, in 449, B. C. Viria'thus, the leader of the Lusitanians in their revolt, in 150, B. c., who, after inflicting several defeats on the Romans, was murdered in 140, B. C. Vir'tus, the Roman goddess of Manful ness. Vistula, a European river still so called. Vitellius, Au'lus, Emperor of Rome during the year 69, A. D. He was a glutton of the most extraordinary capacity, beside being cruel and licentious; and he was killed when Vespasian was proclaimed, and his soldiers had entered Rome. Vitruvius, Mar'cus, Pollio, a Roman writer on architecture, who flourished in the 1st century, B. C. Vol'sci, a people of Italy, who maintained a long and fierce resistance to the Romans, but were finally conquered in the latter part of the 4th century, B. C. Volsin'ii, an Etruscan city, whose inhabitants were often at war with Rome, and which was taken and destroyed in 280, B. C. Vopis'cus, Fla'vius, a Roman historian of the 3rd century, A. D. Vulcanus, the son of Jupiter and Juno, who was lamed (according to some legends) by being kicked out of Olympus by Jupiter, and falling in Lemnos. He was the god of fire, and he forged the thunderbolts of his father, in the forges of Ætna. Venus was married to him. But the legends differ very much in their account of him. Vulturnus, a river of Campania. XANTHIPPE, the shrewish wife of 801 Xenoph'anes, a Greek philosopher, who flourished in the 6th century, B. C. Xen'ophon, a Greek historian, and mili tary commander, was a disciple of Socra tes, who at the battle of Delium carried him wounded from the field. He was one of the Grecian mercenaries in the expedition of Cyrus, in 401, B. c.; and after the defeat at Cunaxa, and the murder of the Greek generals, he conducted the evermemorable Retreat of the 10,000. Although a native of Athens, he fought against hier under Agesilaus, and at last died at Corinth. His history of the Expedition of Cyrus is the best known of his works; his Life of Cyrus the Great is principally fictitious; and his Memoirs of Socrates are of great value in completing the portraiture of that philosopher by Plato. Xerxes, the king of Persia, who in 480, B.C., with an enormous armament, invaded Greece, bridged the Hellespont, cut a shipcanal behind Mount Athos, was checked at Thermopylae by Leonidas and his Spartans, burnt Athens which had been deserted; saw his fleet irretrievably defeated by Themistocles at Salamis, and returned to Sardis with a handful of personal attendants, leaving his army under Mardonius to be cut to pieces at Platea in the following year, and the remnants of his navy to be destroyed at Mycale on the same day. He is supposed to have been the Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther. Xu'thus, the legendary son of Hellen, and father of Achæus and Ion. ZACYN'THUS, the Greek name of Zante. Zaleu'cus, the half-legendary lawgiver of Locri Epizephyrii, who was said to have submitted to the loss of one eye, when his son had forfeited both his, in order to preserve his laws inviolate. Za'ma, a city of Numidia, near which Scipio defeated Hannibal, in 202, B. C. Ze'no, a Greek philosopher, whose school, because he taught in a portico at Athens, was called the Stoic (or of the portico). He flourished in the 3rd century, B. C. A philosopher of Velia, who flourished in the 5th century, B. C. Zenobia, the wife of Odenathus, and queen of Palmyra, who was involved in war with Aurelian, and defeated by him and made prisoner, in 273, a. d. Zenodotus, an Alexandrian writer, who flourished in the 3rd century, B. C. Ze'tes, a son of Boreas and Orithyia, and brother of Calais, who drove the Harpies out of Thrace, and was killed by Hercules. Zeus, the Greek name of Jupiter. Zeu'xis, a famous Greek painter, who flourished in the 5th century, B. C. Zo'ilus, a Greek writer of the 4th century, B. C., who criticised Homer, Plato, &c., with most unbecoming asperity. Zo'pyrus, a Persian nobleman, who caused himself to be frightfully mutilated, that he might obtain the opportunity of betraying Babylon to Darius. Zoroaster, the legendary founder of the religion of Persia, or of the Magi. Zo'simus, a Greek historian of the 5th century, A. D. NE CUI INVIDEAS.-ENVY NO ONE. AMOR ET TUSSIS NON CELANTUR.-LOVE AND A COUGH CANNOT BE HID. VILIUS VIRTUTIBUS AURUM.-GOLD IS LESS PRECIOUS THAN VIRTUE. CITO DICTA PERCIPIANT.-LET THEM UNDERSTAND MAXIMS. A COMPENDIUM OF MODERN HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY. ***For the dates of Sovereigns, Princes, and Rulers, see the lists under the several States. N.B. All the dates are After Christ, or a. D. Abbeys and Monasteries in England and Wales, suppressed and dissolved by Henry VIII., 1536, 1539, and 1545. Abbassides, the family of, possess the Caliphate of Bagdad, from 750 to 1257. Aberdeen, King's College founded, 1494; made a University, 1500; Marischal College and University founded, 1593; Universities united, 1858. Aboukir in Egypt, Nelson destroys the French fleet in the bay near, August 1, 1798; the castle surrendered to the English, March 20, 1801. Abo, in Finland, Peace of, 1743; taken by the Russians, 1808. Academies, Foreign, founded, Ancona, 1572; the Caliginosi, 1644; Augsburg, 1670; Berlin, 1703; royal, 1700; Bologna, 1690; Bremen, 1813; Brescia, Erranti, 1626; Brest, 1752; Christiana, 1812; Copenhagen, 1753; Cordova, 980; Cremona, 1560; Erfurt, 1755; Faenza, Philoponi, 1612; Florence, 1272, 1623; painting, 1350; Della Crusca, 1582; Geneva, 1715; Genoa, 1805; Haarlem, 1752; Lisbon, royal, 1722; Lyon, 1700; Madrid, 1714, 1756; Mantua, 1774; Vigi lanti, 1704; Marseilles, 1726, 1753; Massachusetts, 1780; Milan, 1493, 1718; Munich, 1760; Naples, 1807; Herculaneum, 1755; New York, 1814; Nismes, royal, 1682; Padua, 1601; Paris, agriculture, 1761; architecture, 1671; French, 1629, 1633, 1635; inscriptions, 1663; music, 1579, (royal) 1669, painting, 1391, 1648, 1663, 1815; sciences, 1699, (royal) 1666; sculpture, 1648; Sorbonne, 1256; Parma, Innominati, 1549; Perugia, Filergiti, 1374, 1574; Insensati, 1543; Petersburg, 1724; Philadelphia, 1749; Pisa, 1810; Rome, 1453, 1471; painting, 1554; Umoristi, 1611; Infecondi, 1653; Fantastici, 1625; Arcadi, 1674; English, 1752; Seville, 1753; Stockholm, 1650, 1739, 1753; Strasburg, 1682; Stuttgardt, 1816; Toulon, 1682; Turin, 1675; Upsal, 1720; Valladolid, 1755; Venice, 1660; Verona, 1543; Vienna, 1703, 1754; Warsaw, 1753. Acre, or Ptolemais, in Syria, taken by the Mohammedans, 638; taken by the Crusaders from Jerusalem, 1110; taken by the Sultan Saladin, 1187; taken by Richard Cœur de Lion, 1191; recovered by the Mohammedans, 1291; taken by the Turks, 1517; besieged by Buonaparte, from March to May, 1799; taken by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832; taken by the British, November 3, 1841. Administrations of England from 1700: Ld Godolphin, 1702; D. Marlborough, 1705; E. Godolphin, 1707; Robt Harley, 1710; E. Rochester, 1710; D. Shrewsbury, 1714; Ld Cowper, 1714; Robt Walpole, 1715 E. Stanhope, 1717; E. Sunderland, 1718; Sir Robt Walpole, 1721; Ld Carteret 1742; Henry Pelham (the "Broad Bottom" Adm.), 1744; Henry Pelham, 1746; D. Newcastle, 1754; D. Devonshire, 1756; D. Newcastle, 1757; E. Bute, May 29, 1762; Geo. Grenville, April 16, 1763; M. Rockingham, July 12, 1765; D. Grafton, August 2, 1766; Ld North, January 28, 1770, M. Rockingham, March 3, 1782; E. Shelburne, July 13, 1782; D. Portland (Coalition), April 5, 1783; Wm. Pitt, December 27, 1783; Ld Sidmouth, March 17, 1801; Wm. Pitt, May 12, 1804; Ld Grenville (All the Talents), February 5, 1806; D. Portland, March 23, 1807; Spencer Percival, June 23, 1810; É. Liverpool, June 8, 1812; Geo. Canning, April 11, 1827; Ld Goderich, August 10, 1827; D. Wellington, January 25, 1828; E. Grey, November 22, 1830; Ld Melbourne, July 11, 1834; D. Wellington, November 16, 1834; Sir Robt Peel, December 8, 1834; Ld Melbourne, April 18, 1835; Sir Robt Peel, September 3, 1841; Ld John Russell, December 10, 1845; Sir Robt Peel, December 20, 1845; Ld John Russell, June 26, 1816; E. Derby, February 24, 1852; E. Aberdeen (Coalition), December 16, 1852; Ld Palmerston, February 5, 1855; E. Derby, February 24, 1858. Admiralty, Court of, instituted 1357. Adrianople, in Turkey, taken by the Turks, 1361; taken by the Russians, 1829; Peace of, 1829. Advertisements, Duty first laid on, 1711; repealed, 1853. Eolian Harp, invented, about 1750. Afghan War, for the restoration of Shah Soojah, from 1838 to 1842. African Company, first established, 1588; finally abolished, 1821. Aghrim, in Ireland, William III. defeats James II. at, July 12, 1691. Agincourt, in France, Henry V. defeats the French near, October 25, 1415. Agra, in India, taken by the British, October 17, 1803. Agria, in Hungary, the Turks defeat the Germans at, 1596. Agricultural Society, Royal, in England, established, 1838; incorporated, 1840. Ahmedabad, in India, taken by the British, February 15, 1780; given up to the British, 1817. Ahmednuggur, in India, taken by the British, and given up to them, 1803. CARPE DIEM.-EMPLOY TO-DAY. VIRTUS EST VITIUM EFFUGERE. TO ESCAPE FROM VICE IS A VIRTUE. TIBI ME VIRTUS TUA FECIT AMICUM.-YOUR VIRTUE HAS MADE ME YOUR FRIEND. PETIMUSQUE DAMUSQUE VICISSIM.-GIVE AND TAKE. Chronology and History. Air gun, invented, about 1600. Air pump, invented by Otto von Guericke, about 1650. Aix-la-Chapelle, in Prussia, taken by the French, 1792 and 1794; Congress and Treaty of, 1748; Congress and Convention, 1818. Akermann, Convention of, 1826. Alabama, United States, admitted into the Union, 1819. Aland Islands, in the Baltic, taken by the Russians, 1808 and 1809; seized by the English and French, 1854. Albans, St, in England, Yorkists defeat the Lancastrians at, May 22, 1455; Lancastrians defeat the Yorkists át, February 17, 1461. Albigenses (opponents of Rome in the south of France), Crusades against them, from 1209 to 1247. Albuera, in Spain, British defeat the French near, May 16, 1811. Alcacebas, in Spain, Treaty of, 1479. Alcazar-quivir, in Morocco, the Moors defeat the Portuguese at, 1578. Aldershott, camp formed at, 1854. Alessandria, in Italy, taken by the French, 1798; recovered by the Russians and Austrians, 1799; surrendered to the French again, 1800; occupied by the Austrians, 1849. Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by the Mohammedans, under Amru, 640; taken by the French, 1798; General Abercromby defeats the French near, March 21, 1801; surrendered to the English, August 31, 1801. Alexandrian Library said to have been destroyed by Amru, after the taking of the city, €40. Alfred the Great, King of Wessex and England, born at Wantage, Berks, 849; succeeds his brother Ethelred, 871; driven out of his kingdom by the Danes, 878; defeats the Danes, and makes a treaty with Guthrunr, 878; owned as king of all England, 893; dies, October 26, 901. Algebra introduced into Spain by the Arabs, about 900; made known in Italy, about 1200. Algesiras, in Spain, Admiral Sausmarez defeats the allied fleets of France and Spain off, July 12, 1801. Algiers, in Africa, bombarded by the French, 1682, 1683, and 1687; by the Danes, 1770; by Lord Exmouth, August 26, 1816; taken by the French, July 5, 1830; country made a colony of France, 1817. Alhambra, the Moorish palace in Spain, built from 1250 to 1280. Aliwal, in India, the Sikhs defeated by the English at, January 28, 1846. Alkmaar, in Holland, battles between the French and English near, September and October, 1799. All Souls College, Oxford, founded by Archbishop Chichely, 1437 to 1444. Allahabad, in India, taken by the British, 1765; Treaty of, 1765; the whole province acquired by the East India Company, 1805; mutiny breaks out at, June 5, 1857. Allyghur, in India, taken by the British, 1803 and 1817. Alma, the, in the Crimea, the French and British defeat the Russians at, September 20, 1854. 803 Almanacs, first printed in England, about 1500; stamp duty repealed, 1834. Almanza, in Spain, battle of, 1707. Almarez, in Spain, taken by the British, May 19, 1812. Almeida, in Portugal, taken by the British, 1808; taken by the French, 1810; recovered by the British, May 10, 1811. Almohades, the dynasty of, rule in Spain and Northern Africa, from 1121 to 1269. Almonacid, in Spain, battle of, 1809. Almoravides, the dynasty of, rule in Spain and Northern Africa, from 1058 to 1200. Alphonsine Astronomical Tables, compiled by order of Alphonso the Tenth of Castile, about 1250. Alsace, united to France by the Treaty of Westphalia, 1618. Altars, ordered to be made of stone, 1509; Communion Tables set up instead of them, 1550. Altenberg, battles of, 1813; Congress at, 1809. Altenkirchen, battles of, 1796. Altmark, Peace of, 1629 and 1635. Altona, occupied by the Austrians and Prussians, 1851. Aluminium, new method of procuring it discovered, 1854. Amalphi, in Italy, a free city from 840 to 1350. Amazon, the river, in S. America; explored by Orellana, 1541. Ambassadors, protected from arrest for debt in England, 1709. Ambery, in Bavaria, battle of, 1796. Amboise, in France, Conspiracy of, 1560; Treaty of, 1563. Amboyna, in the E. Indies, aken by the Dutch, 1607; the Massacre of, 1623; taken by the British, 1796 and 1810. Amercote, in India, taken by the British, 1843. America, discovered by Christopher Columbus, 1492; granted to Spain and Portugal by the Pope, 1493; N. America in part explored by Cabot, 1497; S. America in part by Amerigo Vespucci, 1499; called after the last discoverer, America, 1520. American War, between Great Britain and her colonies (now the United States), from 1774 to 1783. American War, the Second, from 1812 to 1815. Amersfoort, in Holland, taken by the French, 1795. Amiens, in France, Peace of, 1802. Amsterdam, occupied by the French from 1795 to 1813. Anabaptists, first appearance of, in Germany, about 1520; in England, about 1550; disappear again, being suppressed, and having changed their name, about 1600. Anapa, on the Black Sea, given up to Russia, 1829. Ancona, in Italy, occupied by the French, from 1797 to 1799; from 1805 to 1814; and from 1832 to 1838; taken and occupied by the Austrians, 1848. Andrews, St, University founded, 1410; St Salvator's College founded, about 1450; St Leonard's College founded, 1512. Andrussow, Treaty of, 1667, 1686. Anemometer, invented, about 1700. Aneroid Barometer, invented, about 1840. TRISTES UT IRE.-NOTHING IS 80 PERNICIOUS AS PASSION. ADVERSIS OPPONITE PECTORA REBUS.-FLINCH NOT FROM MISFORTUNE. FAME SERVIT INEPTUS.-'TIS THE FOOL WHO IS THE SLAVE OF FAME 804 OMNES UNA MANET NOX.-THE GRAVE AWAITS US ALL. Chronology and History. Angels, first coined in England, 1465; ooinage ceased, 1840. Angles, first invaded Britain, about 540. Anglo Saxons. See Saxons. Angola, in Africa, first visited by the Portuguese, about 1485; colonized by them, about 1500. Angora, in Asia Minor, battle of, 1402. Anguilla, the Island of, in the West Indies, colonized by the British, about 1650. Anjou, in France, forms part of the kingdom of England, from 1156 to 1205. Anne, Queen of England, &c., born, February 6, 1665; marries Prince George of Denmark, 1683; succeeds William III., March 8, 1702; at war with France and Spain, from 1702 to 1712; Gibraltar taken, July 22, 1704; the union of the Scotch and English crowns, 1707; Dr Sacheverell impeached, December 15, 1709; Mrs Masham becomes the Queen's favourite instead of the Duchess of Marlborough, 1711; the Peace of Utrecht, 1713; dies, Aug. 1, 1714. Anti-corn-law League, agitates for the repeal of the Corn Laws, from 1843 to 1846. Antigua, the Island of, in the West Indies, first colonized by the British, 1632. Antioch, in Syria, taken by the Crusaders of the 1st Crusade, 1098; the battle of, 1119; taken by the Mamelukes, 1268. Antiquaries, Society of, incorporated by Royal Charter, 1751. Antwerp, in Belgium, taken by the French, 1746; the citadel taken by the French, December 23, 1832. Apulia, in Italy, conquered by the Normans, 1043; united with Sicily, &c., to form the kingdom of Naples, 1263. Aquitaine, in France, forms part of the English monarchy, from 1152 to 1451. Arabia, conquered by the Mohammedans, 632; the caliphate of, in the zenith of its power, about 720; end of the caliphate, 1258. See Abbassides. Arabic numerals, introduced into Europe, 991. Aracan, in Asia, ceded to the British, 1826. Aragon, in Spain, the kingdom estab lished by Don Ramiro I, 1035; Sancho I., 1067; Pedro I., 1094; Alfonso I., 1104; Ramiro II., 1134; Petronilla and Raymond, 1137; Alfonso II., 1162; Pedro II., 1196; Jayme I., 1213; Pedro III., 1276; Alfonso III., 1285; Jayme II., 1291; Alfonso IV., 1327; Pedro IV., 1336; Juan I., 1387; Martin, 1395; the throne vacant, from 1410 to 1412; Ferdinand I., 1412; Alfonso V., 1416; Juan II., 1458; Ferdinand and Isabella, and union with Castile, 1479. See Castile and Spain. Arcola, in Italy, Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at, November 15 to 17, 1796. Arcot, in India, taken by Lord Clive, 1751; retaken by the British, 1760 and 1780. Argaum, in India, battle of, 1803. Arianism, at its greatest height between 350 and 400. Arkansas, in America, becomes one of the United States, 1836. Arklow, in Ireland, battle of, 1798. Armada, the Spanish, sails against England and is totally destroyed, 1588. Armed Neutrality, the, of the Northern Powers, existed from 1780 to 1801. Arques, in France, battle of, 1589. Arras, in France, Treaty of, 1435 and 1482. Arthur, Duke of Brittany, murdered by King John, 1203. Articles, the Thirty-Nine, ratified, 1562. Ascalon, in Asia, battles of, 1099 and 1191. Asia Minor, completely subjugated by the Turks, 1084 and 1413. Aspern and Essling, the battles of, May 21 and 22, 1809. Assam, in Asia, ceded to the British, 1826. Assassins, the sect of, flourished in Asia, from 1000 to 1250. Assaye, in India, battle of, September 23, 1803. Assignats, issued in France from 1789 to 1796. Asturias, in Spain, Pelayo, the first king, 718; Favila, 737; Alfonso, 739; kingdom removed to Oviedo, 757. Athelstan, the first king of all England, from 924 to 940; defeats the Danes, &c., at Brunnaburgh, 937. Athens, in Greece, taken by the Turks, 1456; taken by the Venetians, 1466 and 1687; occupied by the English and French, 1854. Auricular Confession, the practice of, established, 1215. Austerlitz, in Austria, battle of, December 2, 1805. Australia, discovered, about 1520 and 1770; colonized by the British, 1789; the colonies of, organized, 1842; the gold fields discovered, 1851. Austria, Empire of, Francis II., Emperor of Germany, takes the title of Emperor of Austria, 1804; Ferdinand, 1835; Francis Joseph, 1848. See Emperors of Germany. Austrian Succession, war of the, from 1740 to 1748. Auto-da-F, the first at Seville, 1484. Avignon, in France, the seat of the papal court, from 1309 to 1376; ceded to France, 1797. Azores, the, discovered by the Portuguese, 1450. Azov, in the Sea of Azov, taken by the Russians, 1637, 1696, 1736, and 1771; ceded to Russia, 1774. BABEUF'S conspiracy, 1796, 1797. Babington's conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth, 1586. Badajos, in Spain, taken by the British, April 6, 1812. Baden, in Germany, Peace of, 1714; Grand Duchy of, established, 1803; Charles Frederic takes the title of Grand Duke, 1806; Charles Louis Frederic, 1811; Louis Augustus William, 1818; constitutional charter of, 1818; .Frederic, 1856. Baffin's Bay, discovered, 1616. Bagdad, in Asia, taken by Hulakou Khan, 1258; taken by Timur, 1401. Bagnalo, in Italy, treaty of, 1484. Bahamas, the, discovered by Columbus, 1492; colonized by the British, 1629. Bahar, in India, ceded to the British, 1765. JUSTITIE SOROR FIDES.-FAITH IS THE SISTER OF JUSTICE. JAMA MALUM GRAVIUS QUAM RES TRAHIT.-REPORT IS WORSE THAN REALITY. |