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near Mottram Cross, the other "Failworth pow nostre Reine d'heureuse mémoire, doüée de Vertus (pole, of course), singular objects among tall fac-heroïques, d'une prudence et grandeur de courage partory chimneys. dessus son sexe, et y repose en un tombeau magnifique que luy dressa LE ROY JAQUES";

Queries.

ENILORAC.

[We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest, to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.]

and the inscription from the tomb in Westminster
Abbey follows. Also the last marginal date in
the history of Middlesex is 1567. There are
380 pp. of letter-press, coloured maps of all the
counties in England and Wales, with the arms of
each county family illuminated. The first part is
headed, "La Grande Bretagne." Any information
will be gratefully received by
E. G. M.

THE OLD TESTAMENT.-Is there any commentary on the Old Testament or Psalms written by a Jew, and, if so, where procurable?

C-.

me where portraits of any of the English admirals THE ELIZABETHAN ADMIRALS.-Can you inform who defeated the Spanish Armada can be seen?

C. E. P.

"THE LAWYER'S FORTUNE," 1705.- This amusing comedy, which was written by Lord Grimston, at the age of thirteen, whilst at school, and published in 4to. in 1705, was, it is stated, bought up by him subsequently. After this it appears to have been reprinted four times at least: once in 4to., s. a.; 1728, Rotterdam, 12mo.; 1736, London, 8vo.; and 1736, London, 12mo. It is commonly stated that the 12mo. edition of 1736 was published by the Duchess of Marlborough as an election squib against Lord Grimston; and in subject for the following:-"The borders to the cele[We are indebted to the very highest authority on the the Biog. Dram. she is distinctly charged with ill-brated Armada Tapestries, which decorated the old House naturedly bringing it to light. This would hardly of Lords, and were burned in 1834, contained medallions be correct if there had already been two new with portraits of twenty-seven of the English comeditions of it; but presuming that she did publish manders who defeated the Armada. They were engraved the 12mo. edition of 1736, with the figure of the in a series of plates by John Pine in 1739. The heads are small and wanting in character; but, unfortunately, author as a red elephant on the title-page, who no larger transcript is known to exist of them. Copley's was it who brought out the 8vo. edition of the picture of the death of Chatham exhibits some of these same year, with ill-natured notes and a dedication borders hidden in deep shade, and does little more than to Samuel Johnson (the Cheshire dancing master) confirm Pine's engravings. Granger's Biographical under the title of Lord Flame? Had the duchess History, vol. i. p. 290 (ed. 1824), gives a list of the anything to do with this? Did she cause both other engravings of these distinguished commanders persons represented. editions of the comedy to be published in 1736 ? exist. By comparing them with Pine (plate iv.), many may be identified as taken from the same sources as the portraits in the tapestry.

EDWARD SOLLY.

"THE CRIMES OF THE CLERGY." 8vo. Published in numbers about 1820.-At the end of each number we read, "Benbow, Printer, 9, Castle Street, Leicester Square, London." The copy which I possess is without title-page (half title only as above noted), and terminates, although the "tale" in hand is not finished, at the 216th page. A former owner has written at the foot of this

page, "This was the last of the publication." Can I learn-1. Whether any more than 216 pages were ever published? 2. Was a title-page ever issued? and, if so, what is the exact wording of it? 3. Were there any illustrations? My copy has a frontispiece subscribed "Pluralist," which I take to be inserted, although it bears the name "Benbow, Publisher." APIS.

A FRENCH HISTORY OF ENGLAND.-Can you give me any information concerning a history of England, folio edition, printed in French, of which I have a copy, but without a title-page? I think it must have been published in the reign of James I., from the following paragraph :—

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Et celle que nous ne pouvons nommer sans louanges et sans larmes, l'amour d'Angleterre, Elizabeth nagueres

The same work indicates what

"A full-length portrait of Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, is now on view among the old masters at Burlington House; superior pictures being at Greenwich Hospital (from the royal collection) and at Arundel Castle and Gorhambury. These are by Daniel Mytens, and represent him as a very old man. The tempest-tossed Armada in the background is only emblematic, for the Admiral was not more than fifty-two years of age in 1588. He died in 1624."]

CHARTULARY OF TRENTHAM PRIORY.-I should be glad to know if there is a chartulary of Trentham Priory, Staffordshire, still extant, and, if so, in whose possession it now lies.

Belper.

J. CHARLES COX.

SHAW OF MOSSHEAD, CO. AYR.-Where can I obtain a pedigree of this family? Did any of them settle in Ulster during the seventeenth century? GENEALOGIST.

REV. THOMAS WARING, M.A., son of John Waring, of Liverpool, Gentleman, matriculated at Oxford in 1681, and was for some years Vicar of Garstang, in Lancashire, where he died in 1722. He left a widow (Katherine). A seal, presumed

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SEA POLICY OFFICE, LONDON.-What was the precise purpose of this office? For instance, had it any function beyond that of selling stamped policies for marine insurance? or did it inherit any of the functions of registering contracts of marine insurance, like, or similar to, the Policies of Insurance Court, founded in the reign of Elizabeth or before? And was Mr. Robert Moon the last incumbent of the office, and when did he retire?

Belsize Park Gardens.

CORNELIUS Walford.

GERMAN-ENGLISH ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY.

HERALDIC BOOK-PLATE.-On removing from a book, formerly in the collection of the late Lord Farnham, his lordship's book-plate, I found another underneath, with the armorial shield subjoined I send the description in the hope that some one amongst your readers may be able to name the families to whom the coats appertain :-Az., fourteen pears (3, 4, 3, 4) pendent or; impaling, quarterly, 1 and 4, Az., a chevron or, between in-I am unable to meet with a really good Germanchief three mullets arg., and in base a bull's head English dictionary, giving the derivation of words, caboshed of the second; 2 and 3, Az., three clubs and should be glad if some German scholar would erect, the first surmounted by the second in saltire, name one. H. D. and both by the third in pale, or. Crest Out of a viscount's coronet of sixteen pearls (nine being visible) an eagle, the wings elevated, over the head an antique crown. Supporters: Two eagles with wings elevated addorsed, the dexter regardant, over the head of each an antique crown, as in the crest. Motto: "Ubique fecundat imber." SHEM.

HERALDIC.-The following arms are over a chimney-piece in a house at Wantage. Nothing is known of them. I should be glad to find out whose they are:-1 and 4, Ermine, on a fess sable, three crosses patée or; 2 and 3, Sable, a lion rampant or; impaling Gules, an eagle displayed or, on a chief argent three tuns sable. Č. J. E.

ARMS, BUT NO CREST.-Some few years since, when making search at the Heralds' College for my family crest, which I was unsuccessful in obtaining any trace of (I repeatedly found the family arms, but always without a crest or motto), I was informed by "Richmond" (the late Mr. Matthew Gibbon) that " many old West-country families had no crest." Can any reader of "N. & Q." authenticate this statement, and, if so, give the reason, and supply examples?

D. K. T.

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"THE BOROUGH BOY."-What is the meaning of this sign? It occurs on an old public-house near Merton Hall, Cambridge. CYRIL.

CLERICAL J.P.s.-How can I ascertain how many clergymen of the Church of England were acting as magistrates in any given year during the last century-in 1760, for example, or in 1790? J. C. RUST.

The Vicarage, Soham, Cambridgeshire. BILLERICAY.-A little town near Brentwood, in Essex, bears this name. Can any reader of "N. & Q." give me a clue to the origin of the name? Traces of Roman occupation have been found near the town. J. A.

ORIENTAL CUSTOMS.-In Cunningham's Life of Wilkie, vol. iii., that eminent painter proposes (p. 391) a question which by its frequent repetition seems to have deeply interested him :

"A curious question has arisen with the learned how the ancient Jews lived, whether like the Persians and ancient times; whether they sat on the floor, or upon Turks of our times, or like the Egyptians and Greeks in seats and chairs? This question involves many others: whether they slept on mats or bedsteads," &c. Has any light been thrown on these points? The great painters, as Rafael, Leonardo da Vinci, Paul Veronese, &c., certainly represented Christ and his apostles seated as in modern fashion, but I think it has become the practice of recent artists to depict sacred scenes according to the Oriental W. M. M.

customs.

W AND V.-When did the habit of confusing the w and the v cease to be a mark of the Cockney? In Pickwick and Jorrocks's Jaunts and Jollities, both published about 1834 I think, this practice prevails, but I fancy it had really died out before that date. I have been a Londoner all my life, "nearly fifty years, alas !" and I have never heard a man use v for w. Essex boatmen I have heard use w for v— -"Wery wexatious it are, sir, to be

run to sea." The old order from the City magistrate-"Villiam, my vite vig." "Vich vite vig, your vorship?" "Vy, the vite vig I vore at Vindsor last Vitsuntide vos a veek "-is, I fancy, of the last century. In Foote's Mayor of Garrett, Jerry Sneak talks of making his Molly "veep," and otherwise confuses his v's and w's; but Bruin and Major Sturgeon, who are also Cockneys, are quite free from this error. It can have been a London practice for but a short time, I think.

A. H. CHRISTIE.

66

E BEFORE S.-Natives of India, as a rule, in pronouncing any word commencing with s, pronounce e before it; for example, e street," "e shop," "The Hon. Mr. e Stanley," "A nation of e shopkeepers," and so on. How can this be accounted for? I know of a guide in Strasburg who shows to tourists " e storkee's nest"; and foreigners generally-those with whom, at any rate, I have entered into conversation in my own tongue-have given me the benefit of e before s. R. H. WALLACE.

"CAIME."-The Daily Telegraph, in a telegram published Jan. 2, 1877, announced the issue in Constantinople of "three million pounds Turkish in caimés." What is the meaning of this last word ?

"KEENING," TO KEEN.-"The keening begins immediately after a death, and breaks out afresh at certain intervals" (Ralston, Songs of Russia, 316). Keening here loud wailing. What authority is there for the use of the word in this sense? A. L. MAYHEW, M.A.

Oxford.

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KNOSTROPE, OR KNOWSTHORP. About two miles east of Leeds, in the valley of the Aire, lies the ancient ad secluded village of Knostrope, or Knowstho, The "old hall" is of great antiquity, said to have been a princely residence during the Heptarchy. Any information respecting the date of its erection, or the family who resided in it, will oblige. E. J. MORONY.

ST. ANDREW'S DAY.-At Bozeat, Northants, where the church is dedicated to St. Mary, a bell is rung at noon on St. Andrew's Day, which the villagers call "T" Andrew Bell." They make and eat a kind of sweet toffee on that day. Whence the origin of the custom? and is it observed elsewhere ? THOMAS NORTH.

"LOVE'S PILGRIM."-Turning over the pages of a Calcutta paper published Christmas Day, 1875, I came across a little poem with the title of Love's

Pilgrim, signed "Jno. Hooley," which struck me as being of great merit, full of pretty fancies, and of the true ring. Can any of your readers tell me who "Jno. Hooley" is, or when he lived, or if he lives, or if the poem is one of many-in fact, anything about Love's Pilgrim or its author? W. H. R.

THURSTON THE ACTOR.-In the present exhibition of the works of the old masters, there is a portrait by Zoffany of "the actor Thurston in The Merry Beggars of Sherwood." Can any one tell me anything of this actor, of the play, or of the E. D.

author?

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The character of the religious ceremony called a month's mind is well illustrated by the following examples :

John Tyrell, of Beeches, in Rawreth, Essex, in his will, proved Nov. 23, 1494, says :

"I will ther be kept no monthes mynde for me, but I wil that ev'y day within the said month be said by som honest prest within the chirch wher I am buryed a dirige & masse of requiem for my soule & xpen soules, vid. I will that w'in the said monthes mynd be delivryd to ev'y hous of freres with (sic) w'in the shere of Essex x', to my dirige & mass of requiem for my soule & all xpen soules."

John, Lord Marney, of Layer Marney, Essex, in his will, dated March 10, 1525, directs :

"Also I will that myn executors kepe my monethes mynde in leyer morny, at which tyme I will have said a Trentall of masses & dirige, other there or ells where, saide there: and every preest & Clarke to have for their but as many as may be said there, I will shalbe doon & labour as is appointed at my burying. Also that the said xxiiij pour men be at the monethes mynde & doo holde the said torches at dirige & masse, & to have for their labour xija a pece as is before to them appoynted, & the Ringers in like manner as at my buriall. Also I will that there be delte at my said monethes mynde x in penny dole, & after my said monethes mynde doon, I woll the said xxiiij torches be gevyn to pour churches, where moost nede is to have moost & the other to have will that myn executours kepe my yeres mynd at Leyer lesse upon the discrecion of myn executours. Also I Marny, there to be doon in every thing as is appoynted at my monethes mynde" (Trans. Essex Arch. Soc., vol. iv. p. 156).

In the will of Sir John Tyrell, of Little Warley, Kt., ob. 1541, I find the following passage :

"Item, I remit the charge of my burying to the discrecyon of myn Executors wout pomp, wayne glorie, or grete coste. Item, I will that my monthes mynd be kept in all the pysh churches followeth, Esthorneden, Chel

derdich, grete Warley, Orsett, Hornedon, Langdon, Donton, Holton, Chauldwell, ffobing, Gyugrave, & graysthorrok, & the churchwardens of ev'y of the sayd pysshes shall have vi viijd; to bestow to every prest of the said pysshes to say dirige & masse for my soule & all xpen soules viij, & in brede, drinke, & chese enough for the p'ysshen's vj; yf any be left of the sayd vi" to be for the repa'cions of the church."

Edward Brooke, of Bobbingworth, Essex, determined that there should be no mistake respecting his month's mind. His will, dated 1545, orders

"First I will that four torches & four tapers be bought, & the same & none other to be spent & occupied at my burial and month's mind. Also, I will four poor householders & four children hold the torches & tapers, every man taking for their labour 4d and every child 24. And after my month's mind past, I will two of the said torches & two of the tapers to Bobbingworth Church; & I will the other two torches, one to Magdalen Church & the other to Shelley Church; & I will the other two tapers be burnt in Bobbingworth Church on the holy days at high mass, & at none other time. Item, I will four priests of my near neighbours, of my wife's election, & no more, but my Curate, & Sir Thomas, my son. & my cousin Maurice Chauncy, if he come; every of the four priests to sing those masses following as they shall be appointed, that is to say, a mass of the Five Wounds of our Lord,-& the Name of Jesu,-of the Trinity with a memory of the Resurrection of our Lord,-& of the Birth of our Lord, with a memory of our Blessed Lady, Virgin Mother to our Lord; with a collect for my soul & all Christian souls. Every of them having for his labour 84 without meat & drink; & else 64 with meat & drink, at my wife's election. My son, Sir Thomas, to sing a mass of the Ascension of our Lord, with a memory of the Holy Ghost, with a collect for my soul & all Christian souls. My cousin, Maurice Chauncy, to sing a mass at his election: making him purveyor of the residue of the masses. The Curate's Mass of Requiem for my soul & all Christian souls. Every one of them having for his labour 124. Also I think it necessary to prepare meat & drink, as well for the poor people, because they have no money, as for honest neighbours. And the poor people to have warning that they come not to my month's mind, for there shall be nothing prepared for them; nevertheless I will meat & drink be prepared for my neighbours that cometh thither. And as for the poor householders not to be at dinner at my month's mind, for my will is that 20 in money be bestowed at my month's mind on this manner following, that is to say, every poor householder of the parish is to have 4o, the man 2 and the wife 24. in recompence of their din ners; & the rest of the said 20", if any be, to be given accordingly to my poor neighbours householders nigh unto, at the discretion of my wife. Also at my month's mind, I will have no more priests, but my son Sir Thomas, & my Curate, & I would that they should be warned at my burial."

It is very rarely that such elaborate directions for the celebration of the month's mind are given.

The will of Bartholomew Averell, of Southminster, Essex, dated May 1, 1562, contains this passage :-

"I will to be buried in the church of Southminster aforesaid, before my pue, betwene it & the chauncel, & one marble stone to be laied upon me, with the pictures & names of my wives & children to be graven upon the same. Item, I give & bequeath unto the poore walking

people that resorte to my burial vi xiij iiijd, & also those at my month's day vi" xiij' iiija." Mr. H. W. King (who has done so much to make known the Essex wills, treasuries of archæological and genealogical information) says, in a note on this passage,—

"It is noteworthy that the observance of the 'month's mind' still lingered. It may be doubtful how it was observed. Probably by an Eucharistic celebration as prescribed in the Latin Prayer Book of Queen Elizabeth, Celebratio Coenæ Domini in Funebribus' (si amici et vicini defuncti communicare velint) (Trans. Essex Arch. Soc., vol. iii. p. 195).

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Respecting Hartley Coleridge's remark on the proverbial expression, "to have a month's mind to a thing," I have found a curious use of the phrase in that remarkable book The English Rogue, 1674 (pt. iii. p. 174, reprint):—

in the Town, who was a Farmers Son, had a moneths mind "She being kept so strictly had few Suiters, only one to her, & having read the famous History of Tom Thumb, & from thence proceeding to Fortunatus, & thence to the most admirable History of Dorastus & Fawnia, was infected with Poetry & Love both at once, did wish himself to be as fortunate as Fortunatus him& absolutely believing that all he read was really true self, & since he could not meet with that blind Lady Fortune to present him with such a Purse, he did however resolve to be as absolute a lover as Dorastus." JOHN PIGGOT, F.S.A.

The Elms, near Maldon.

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SPURRING (5th S. vi. 428.)-The common people in many parts of the country call the publication of the banns of marriage "the askings," from the concluding phrase, "This is the first, second, or third time of asking." In the northern counties the equivalent term is sperring (not spurring). This is a good old English word, derived from A.-S. spirian or sperian, to ask, to inquire. In the Promptorium Parvulorum (fifteenth century) we find it thus explained: "Speryn or aske after a thynge, scissitor, percunctor,' inquiro." In Collier's South Lancashire Glossary, A.D. 1740, he says, "To be sperr'd is to be published in the church." MR. CORDEAUX will find many illustrations of the word in Dr. Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary, sub voc. J. A. PICTON.

Sandyknowe, Wavertree.

It is the A.-S. spyrian; O.N. spyria, investigare, quærere; prim. to track an animal by its spur (Dn. spoor) or trace, as the Germ. spüren. The more common form is speer, and thus it appears in Palsgrave as a Northern word: "This term (spere) is far Northerne, and nat usyd in commyn speche." It is not, however, a very uncommon word in literature that cannot be considered exclusively Northern :

"And ever he sperred privilicke,
How they ffared att Warwicke,
And how they lived there."

Guy and Colbrande (Percy MS.).

Lily uses it, too, in his Mother Bombie, "I'll be so the Addisons of Westmorland were originally from bold as spur her what might a body call her name " | Cumberland; but the supposed period of the sepa(Hunter, s. v.).

Belsize Square.

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J. D.

Spurrings, as applied to the publication of the banns of marriage, literally means askings." A.-S. spyrines, an inquiry, from spirian or spyrian, to trace, track, or investigate; provincial and old English to spur to ask; Scot. spere, and speirins, inquiry. Cognate words are spoor; A.-S. spór ; Dan. spor, a track or footprint; Ger. spüren; Dan. spore; Swed. spörja; Icel. spyrja, to track, to inquire. The form to spur, meaning to ask, is also found in old English, vide Percy Folio MS., vol. i.

p. 394.

Lower Norwood, S. E.

A. SMYTHE PALMER.

This is merely the form in which the first English spyrignes, a searching out, an inquiry, has come down to us. Banns are published with a view of searching out or inquiring about any cause or just impediment why the contemplated joining together should not be permitted. Speer, or spere, to ask, inquire, &c., is still used in the north of England, and Lincolnshire is not the only county where the "putting up" of the banns is called spurring. ST. SWITHIN.

I have heard the following explanation of the term spurrings. Some time ago-in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, I think, but will not be sure -it was customary for a lover, if he had his sweetheart's consent for marriage, and sometimes even without it, to go unknown to her and have the banns published to "spur her on to name the happy day; and vice versa. Cambridge.

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A. B. BROWNE.

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ADDISON DENT (5th S. vi. 29, 173, 236, 349, 376.)-Lancelot Addison, the father of Dean Addison, was son of William Addison, of Crabstack, in the parish of Crosby Ravensworth, co. Westmorland. The name appears very frequently in the parish registers there, and as early as 1570. At Carlisle, where the wills of that part of Westmorland are kept, I found that of William Addison, of Crosby parish, 1564. In Hutchinson's Hist. of Cumberland, vol. ii. pp. 357-9, it is suggested that

ration is very recent, compared with the proofs that the Addison family belonged to the parish of Crosby Ravensworth, Westmorland, at a very early period. No doubt the two families were related, but very possibly the Cumberland branch land readers of "N. & Q." may perhaps kindly was originally from Westmorland. The Cumbertell us at what date the Addisons first made their appearance in the parish of Torpenhow, Cumberland. They were at Crosby Ravensworth in 1564. Were they at Torpenhow earlier than that? At Meaburn Town Head, Crosby Ravensworth, a monument was erected some years since at the cost, if I remember rightly, of Mr. Dent of that parish. It bears the inscription:

"On this spot dwelt the paternal ancestors of the celebrated Joseph Addison. His father, Lancelot Addison, was born here A.D. 1632."

It has also the same coat of arms I have seen over a doorway of Lichfield Cathedral, which was restored by Dean Addison, and on the seal of Miss Addison's letters in the Egerton Collection. The arms given by A. S. A. do not correspond.

Dean Addison's widow was buried in the chancel of Shakerston Church, Leicestershire. A flat stone, with the following inscription, was placed over her grave :

"Here lies interred the body of Mrs. Dorothy Addison, widow and relict of Dr. Lancelot Addison, late Dean of Lichfield. She was formerly widow and relict of Philip Hacket, Esq., and the youngest daughter of John Danvers, of Shakerston, Esq. She was buried June 30, 1719, aged 84."

Four days after the burial of Joseph Addison, June 26, 1719.

The parish of Crosby Ravensworth has also the name of Washington in its registers. That name first appears in 1606. F. B.

REV. W. BLAXTON (5th S. v. 107, 216, 521; vi. 57, 118, 198.)-From further information received from a member of the Blakiston family I beg to make a few corrections and additions to my last note (5th S. vi. 198). Robert Blakiston, Esq., of Bishopwearmouth, Durham, died in August, 1822, and was buried at St. John's, Newcastle-on-Tyne. His grandson, Thomas Gray, Esq., of Sunderland, informs me that he believes his mother (Harriet Tempest Gray) and aunt (Margaret Tempest Dunn) were the only members of the family who married. The late Mr. Thomas Gray was not of Sunderland, but of Montrose, N.B., and belonged to a branch of a well-known Forfarshire family of that name. Mr. Gray died shortly before 1843, when his widow removed to Sunderland. She died in August, 1858, and was buried at Douglas in the Isle of Man. Mr. Gray's family consisted of :--John William Gray, mar. Ann Harriett Locke, has no issue; Thomas Gray, mar. Joanna Maria, dau. of

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